Summary of main results from Tables 1–3.

Factors responsible for Ixodes ricinus presence and abundance in greenspaces across the urbanization gradient. Sampling plot conditions include recordings at each site and local site factors include land cover types in the smallest GIS buffer zone (100m radius). Landscape features include land cover types (200-1000m radius) and landscape configuration variables (1000m radius).</p

The degree of urbanization and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> abundance at each sampling site in Stockholm County.

The degree of urbanization and Ixodes ricinus abundance at each sampling site in Stockholm County.</p

The effect of urbanization and landscape configuration on questing <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> presence and abundance measured in 1000m radius buffer zones analyzed in generalized linear mixed zero-inflated models.

Estimated coefficients and significance levels for the explanatory variables from both the conditional (abundance) and zero-inflated (presence/absence) model components are reported for I. ricinus larvae and nymphs. Parameter estimates and significance levels for landscape factors are estimated based on a 1000m radius buffer zone and for local site factors from individual sampling plots. For easier interpretation we have changed the sign of the estimates for the zero-inflated models meaning that a positive coefficient should be interpreted as a higher likelihood for tick presence and vice versa.</p

Swedish land cover nomenclature including grid code, land cover type and definition.

Swedish land cover nomenclature including grid code, land cover type and definition.</p

The effect of local scale and landscape scale variables on <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> nymphs measured in buffer zones consisting of 100m increments within a 100m–1000m radius.

Presence and abundance of I. ricinus nymphs were analyzed in generalized linear mixed zero-inflated models. Estimated coefficients and significance levels for the explanatory variables from both the conditional model part (abundance) and the zero-inflated model part (presence/absence) is reported for each buffer zone size. For easier interpretation we have changed the sign of the estimates for the zero-inflated models meaning that a positive coefficient should be interpreted as a higher likelihood for tick presence.</p

The effect of local scale factors and landscape variables on <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> larvae measured in buffer zones consisting of 100m increments within a 100m–1000m radius.

Presence and abundance of I. ricinus larvae were analyzed in generalized linear mixed zero-inflated models. Estimated coefficients and significance levels for the explanatory variables from both the conditional model part (abundance) and the zero-inflated model part (presence/absence) is reported for each buffer zone size. For easier interpretation we have changed the sign of the estimates for the zero-inflated model part meaning that a positive coefficient should be interpreted as a higher likelihood for tick presence.</p

Effect of vegetation height on number of <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> larvae (A) and nymphs (B).

The results from the glmmTMB show significant negative effects of field layer vegetation height with more questing I. ricinus in lower vegetation. Grey area indicates 95% confidence band.</p

Additional file 1 of Ticks - public health risks in urban green spaces

Supplementary Material 1