PREGLED ISPLAKA NA BAZI GLICEROLA I UPOTREBE GLICERINA KAO ISPLAČNOGA ADITIVA

A significant increase of energy demands all over the world and production decline from available oil and gas reservoirs have led the industry to invest in major offshore petroleum resources. However, drilling operations in offshore environments are usually restricted by environmental constraints. Therefore, recent studies are devoted to the development of environmentally compatible fluids with adequate technical properties. Glycerine is a non-toxic, lubricating, colorless, odorless substance with a higher density than water. Due to the properties of glycerine, it can be used as the base of drilling fluid to formulate synthetic-based fluids. This research aimed to review the studies on the applications of glycerine in the composition of drilling fluid. Based on the results, glycerine-based fluids can be considered as an environmentally compatible fluid with sufficient technical properties to replace other drilling fluids. However, there is a lack of experimental studies on the glycerine fluid properties for a reliable decision. For the application of glycerine fluids, an economic feasibility study is mandatory for both pure and crude glycerine. Also, the thermal stability of glycerine fluids is an important aspect, which should be covered in future research studies.Znatno povećanje potražnje za energijom u cijelome svijetu i pad proizvodnje iz dostupnih ležišta nafte i plina doveli su do povećanja ulaganja naftne industrije u odobalna istraživanja. Međutim, aktivnosti bušenja u odobalju obično su ograničene ekološkim ograničenjima. Stoga su novija istraživanja posvećena razvoju ekološki prihvatljivih fluida s odgovarajućim tehničkim svojstvima. Glicerin je netoksična, podmazujuća tvar bez boje i mirisa, veće gustoće od vode. Zbog svojih svojstava glicerin se može koristiti kao baza sintetičkih isplaka. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja pregled provedenih istraživanja o primjeni glicerina u sastavu isplaka. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da se tekućine na bazi glicerina mogu smatrati ekološki prihvatljivim tekućinama s dovoljnim tehničkim svojstvima da zamijene druge fluide koji se koriste kao isplake prilikom bušenja. Međutim, za donošenje pouzdane odluke o primjeni glicerina u isplakama još uvijek nema dovoljno eksperimentalno dobivenih podataka. Za primjenu glicerinskih tekućina (i za čisti i za sirovi glicerin) potrebno je provesti studiju ekonomske izvedivosti. Također, budućim istraživanjima potrebno je obuhvatiti I ispitivanje toplinske stabilnosti glicerinskih tekućina

Ultrasonographic measurement of subarachnoid space and frontal horn width in healthy Iranian infants

Objectiveultrasonography is among the most general evaluating methods for central nervous system (CNS) assessment, especially for detecting extra axial collection via anterior fontanel. There are few studies showing values of this technique in normal developing infants for detection of subarachnoid space width.Association between age and sex and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces are controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between subarachnoid space and sex and age in Iranian infants.Material & Methodswe used ultrasonography with a 7.5MHZ linear probe to evaluate 74 healthy infants who were referred to our departments for other reasons. Sinocortical width (SCW), craniocortical width (CCW),  interhemispheric width (IHW) and frontal horn width (FHW) were evaluated. Data was collected and analyzed using STAT 9.1 software.ResultsFifty four percent of the patients were male and 45% were female. Mean age of cases was 71 days. Mean SCW was 2.8 ± 1.33 mm (5% and95% were 1.2-5.8). Mean CCW was 2.52±1.37mm (5% and 95% were 1.1 and 5.2mm, respectively) and mean IHW was 4.39±2mm (5% and 95% were 1.7 and 8mm, respectively). Mean FHW was 2.9+/-1.09mm in females and 3.52±1.34mm in males (5% and 95% were 1.4 and 5mm in females & 1.7 and 5.8mm in males, respectively). There was no significant difference in subarachnoid space width between boys and girls except for FHW which was wider in males than females. (P=0.037). All space diameters correlated with age and were wider in older infants.ConclusionAlthough our sample size was rather small for accurate conclusion, we found a normal range which was wider than western countries but similar studies conducted in China. Delayed maturation of arachnoid villi is one of the most important reasons of subarachnoid space widening in infants younger than one year which seems occur later in Iranian infants.Key words: Ultrasonography;subarachnoid space; infant

Environmental Impact Assessment of the Industrial Estate Development Plan with the Geographical Information System and Matrix Methods

Background. The purpose of this study is environmental impact assessment of the industrial estate development planning. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 in Isfahan province, Iran. GIS and matrix methods were applied. Data analysis was done to identify the current situation of the region, zoning vulnerable areas, and scoping the region. Quantitative evaluation was done by using matrix of Wooten and Rau. Results. The net score for impact of industrial units operation on air quality of the project area was (−3). According to the transition of industrial estate pollutants, residential places located in the radius of 2500 meters of the city were expected to be affected more. The net score for impact of construction of industrial units on plant species of the project area was (−2). Environmental protected areas were not affected by the air and soil pollutants because of their distance from industrial estate. Conclusion. Positive effects of project activities outweigh the drawbacks and the sum scores allocated to the project activities on environmental factor was (+37). Totally it does not have detrimental effects on the environment and residential neighborhood. EIA should be considered as an anticipatory, participatory environmental management tool before determining a plan application