The Development of Trust for Best Friend Versus Other Friend in Childhood and Adolescent Relationship

Trust as experienced in childhood and adolescent bestfriend and other friend dyads was examined with respect to age differences, sex differences, and differences inperspective taking. A sample of 109 students in grade levels 4 (9-10 years; N =27), 6 (11-12 years; N = 29), 8 (13-14years; N = 25), and 10 (15-16 years; N = 28), were selected to provide for a cross-section of school age youth. Age and gender differences for trust in regard to the dyadic relationships were investigated using a modified version of Sharabany\u27s Intimacy Scale, and a modified version of the Prisoner\u27s Dilemma Game; the latter being a measure developed by the principal investigator. In addition to these two measures, approximately 55% of the subjects were rated for level of perspective taking by using a modified version of Selman\u27s Friendship Domain Interview. This measure allowed the youths to answer open ended questions and probes about trust in a friendship. The findings in this study are the product of data generated from three trust measures. Some ubiquitous findings did emerge from the statistical analyses, suggesting that significant differences among the factors were dependent on the type of task/measure, and the nature of the relationship being addressed. An effect for age was not significant with the SISm measure, but was significant for the PD and Issue-Concept measures. However, interpretations of these results were not consistent, and were reflective of the measure employed. Significant gender differences were observed in the modified Sharabany Intimacy Scale, with females making more trusting descriptive choices than males. In the Prisoner\u27s Dilemma, gender differences were embedded in the effect for grade. Gender differences were not present in the issue-concept scores from the interviews, an effect which supports previous research (Brion-Meisels, 1977; Enright, 1977; Selman, 1980). Finally, with respect to friend, significant differences were noted in the SISm and PDmeasures with trust ratings for best friend being higher than those for other friend

Die Auswirkung des Befalls mit Plerocercoiden des Hechtbandwurms (Triaenophorus nodulosus (P.)) auf den Flussbarsch (Perca fluviatilis L.) im Bodensee-Obersee

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Auswirkung des Befalls mit Plerocercoiden des Hechtbandwurms (Triaenophorus nodulosus) auf den Flussbarsch im Bodensee-Obersee. Im Literaturteil wird das Untersuchungsgewässer, der Bodensee vorgestellt und die Entwicklung des Barschertrags in den letzten Jahrzehnten aufgezeigt. Die Biologie des Hechtbandwurms und die Veränderungen der Leber und des Blutbildes des zweiten Zwischenwirts beim Befall mit Hechtbandwurmlarven werden beschrieben. Es folgt ein Rückblick auf die Befallssituation mit Plerocercoiden von T. nodulosus beim Flussbarsch im Bodensee-Obersee in vergangenen Jahren. In eigenen Untersuchungen wurden insgesamt 1858 Flussbarsche an verschiedenen Probestellen am Bodensee-Obersee beprobt. 95,9 % der mehrsömmrigen Barsche waren mit 4,98 Zysten und/oder freien Plerocercoiden befallen. Bei den einsömmrigen Barschen wiesen nur 33,6 % der Barsche einen Befall mit 1,98 Zysten/Plerocercoiden auf. Befallsrate und –intensität waren nicht abhängig von Standort, Saison oder Geschlecht der Barsche, stiegen aber mit zunehmendem Alter der Fische an. Neuinfektionen mit frei im Lebergewebe wandernden Plerocercoiden wurden ganzjährig bei 5 % der Barsche nachgewiesen. Barsche, die mit enzystierten und/oder freien Plerocercoiden des Hechtbandwurms befallen waren, wiesen eine höhere makroskopische und histologische Leberschädigung auf als unbefallene Barsche. Die Leberschädigung war unabhängig von Standort und Geschlecht der Barsche und stieg in den Sommermonaten und mit zunehmendem Alter der Barsche an. In 25 % der Zysten in den Barschlebern war das Plerocercoid durch die Wirtsreaktion erfolgreich eliminiert worden. Weder Befallsintensität noch Leberschädigung hatten einen negativen Effekt auf Totallänge und Gewicht der Barsche. Die Leberschädigung beeinflusste jedoch das relative Gonadengewicht der Barschrogner negativ. Außerdem sank bei den Barschen mit zunehmender Leberschädigung die Erythrozytenzahl, während die Leukozytenzahl anstieg. Bei infizierten einsömmrigen Barschen war der relative Anteil der segmentkernigen neutrophilen Granulozyten erniedrigt. Die Reoligotrophierung des Bodensee-Obersees als Ursache für den hohen Befall der Barsche mit Hechtbandwurmlarven wird diskutiert. Trotz des starken Befalls mit Plerocercoiden von T. nodulosus und trotz der negativen Auswirkungen auf Leber, Blutparameter und Gonadengewicht sind die Barsche im Bodensee-Obersee derzeit in einem besseren Allgemeinzustand als vor fünf Jahren

Response to novel objects and foraging tasks by common marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus) female Pairs

Many studies have shown that environmental enrichment can significantly improve the psychological well-being of captive primates, increasing the occurrence of explorative behavior and thus reducing boredom. The response of primates to enrichment devices may be affected by many factors such as species, sex, age, personality and social context. Environmental enrichment is particularly important for social primates living in unnatural social groupings (i.e. same-sex pairs or singly housed animals), who have very few, or no, benefits from the presence of social companions in addition to all the problems related to captivity (e.g. increased inactivity). This study analyses the effects of enrichment devices (i.e. novel objects and foraging tasks) on the behavior of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) female pairs, a species that usually lives in family groups. It aims to determine which aspects of an enrichment device are more likely to elicit explorative behaviors, and how aggressive and stress-related behaviors are affected by its presence. Overall, the marmosets explored foraging tasks significantly longer than novel objects. The type of object, which varied in size, shape and aural responsiveness (i.e. they made a noise when the monkey touched them), did not affect the response of the monkeys, but they explored objects that were placed higher in the enclosure more than those placed lower down.Younger monkeys were more attracted to the enrichment devices than the older ones. Finally, stress-related behavior (i.e. scratching) significantly decreased when the monkeys were presented with the objects; aggressive behavior as unaffected. This study supports the importance of environmental enrichment for captive primates and shows that in marmosets its effectiveness strongly depends upon the height of the device in the enclosure and the presence of hidden food. The findings can be explained ifone considers the foraging behavior of wild common marmosets. Broader applications for the research findings are suggested in relation to enrichment

Low-FODMAP diet reduces irritable bowel symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

AIM To investigate the effect of a low-FODMAP diet on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS This was a randomised controlled open-label trial of patients with IBD in remission or with mild-to-moderate disease and coexisting IBS-like symptoms (Rome III) randomly assigned to a Low-FODMAP diet (LFD) or a normal diet (ND) for 6 wk between June 2012 and December 2013. Patients completed the IBS symptom severity system (IBS-SSS) and short IBD quality of life questionnaire (SIBDQ) at weeks 0 and 6. The primary end-point was response rates (at least 50-point reduction) in IBS-SSS at week 6 between groups; secondary end-point was the impact on quality of life. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients, 67 (75%) women, median age 40, range 20-70 years were randomised: 44 to LFD group and 45 to ND, from which 78 patients completed the study period and were included in the final analysis (37 LFD and 41 ND). There was a significantly larger proportion of responders in the LFD group (n = 30, 81%) than in the ND group (n = 19, 46%); (OR = 5.30; 95% CI: 1.81-15.55, P < 0.01). At week 6, the LFD group showed a significantly lower median IBS-SSS (median 115; inter-quartile range [IQR] 33-169) than ND group (median 170, IQR 91-288), P = 0.02. Furthermore, the LFD group had a significantly greater increase in SIBDQ (median 60, IQR 51-65) than the ND group (median 50, IQR 39-60), P < 0.01. CONCLUSION In a prospective study, a low-FODMAP diet reduced IBS-like symptoms and increased quality of life in patients with IBD in remission