Application of fuzzy relations to test theory

На відміну від класичного ймовірного підходу, в даній статті розглядається метод генерування та оцінки тестів, заснований на нечіткому підході. Це призводить до завдань, які можуть бути вирішені в рамках нечітких реляційних рівнянь. Кілька прикладів ілюструють користь такого підходу.В отличие от классического вероятного подхода, в данной статье рассматривается метод генерирования и оценки тестов, основанный на нечетком подходе. Это приводит к задачам, которые могут быть решены в рамках нечетких реляционных уравнений. Несколько примеров иллюстрируют пользу такого подхода.Unlike the classical probability-based approach we consider the ge-neration and evaluation of tests based on a fuzzy approach. This leads to tasks which can be solved within the frame of fuzzy relational equations. Several examples illustrate the usefulness of our approach

Endothelioprotective property of the combination of the thioctic acid and rosuvastatin shown in the endothelial dysfunction models

During the experiment, the modeling of endothelial dysfunction of male rats was performed by intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 7 days, and the same of female rats was performed by bilateral ovarioectomy and further intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 7. The deficiency of nitric oxide as a result of the NO-synthase blockade was accompanied by the impairment of the endotheliumdependent and independent vasodilatation estimated in the pharmacological tests, which was expressed in the increasing coefficient of endothelial dysfunctio

Morphologic and functional correlates of synaptic pathology in the cathepsin D knockout mouse model of congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Mutations in the cathepsin D (CTSD) gene cause an aggressive neurodegenerative disease (congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) that leads to early death. Recent evidence suggests that presynaptic abnormalities play a major role in the pathogenesis of CTSD deficiencies. To identify the early events that lead to synaptic alterations, we investigated synaptic ultrastructure and function in pre-symptomatic CTSD knock-out (Ctsd(−/−)) mice. Electron microscopy revealed that there were significantly greater numbers of readily releasable synaptic vesicles present in Ctsd(−/−) mice than in wild-type control mice as early as postnatal day 16. The size of this synaptic vesicle pool continued to increase with disease progression in the hippocampus and thalamus of the Ctsd(−/−) mice. Electrophysiology revealed a markedly decreased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) with no effect on pair-pulse modulation of the evoked EPSPs in the hippocampus of Ctsd(−/−) mice. The reduced miniature EPSC frequency was observed before the appearance of epilepsy or any morphological sign of synaptic degeneration. Taken together, the data indicate that CTSD is required for normal synaptic function, and that a failure in synaptic trafficking or recycling may be an early and important pathological mechanism in Ctsd(−/−) mice; these presynaptic abnormalities may initiate synaptic degeneration in advance of subsequent neuronal loss

Statistical Research of Expected Life Expectancy in the North Western Federal District: Panel analysis

In article possibility of application of statistical models of regression type for research of medico-demographic processes and an assessment of expected life expectancy depending on socio-economic factors for regions of the North Western federal district is considered

Method for calculating dynamic loads and energy consumption of a sucker rod installation with an automatic balancing system

The efficiency of sucker rod pump installations, which have become widespread in mechanized lift practice, is largely determined by the balance of the drive. During the operation of sucker rod installations, the balance of loads acting on the rod string and the drive can change significantly due to changes in the dynamic fluid level, which leads to a decrease in balance and an increase in loads on the pumping equipment units. The increase and decrease in the dynamic level in accordance with the pumping and accumulation cycle occurs in wells operating in the periodic pumping mode. It is shown that during the operation of equipment in a periodic mode, fluctuations in the dynamic level and, accordingly, in the loads acting on the nodes occur. This leads to the need for dynamic adjustment of the balancing weights to ensure the balance of the pumping unit. A system for automatic balancing of the rod drive has been developed, including a balancing counterweight, an electric motor that moves the load along the balance beam, a propeller and a computing unit. To study the effectiveness of the proposed device, a complex mathematical model of the joint operation of the reservoir - well - sucker rod pump - rod string – pumping unit has been developed. It is shown that due to the dynamic adjustment of the balance counterweight position, the automatic balancing system makes it possible to significantly reduce the amplitude value of the torque on the crank shaft (in comparison with the traditional rod installation) and provide a more uniform load of the electric motor. Equalization of torque and motor load reduces the power consumption of the unit

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RHYTHM OF THE SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS GEORGI IN THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE AND ON THE SOUTH COAST OF THE CRIMEA

Scutellaria baicalensis is a valuable medicinal plant and a protected species of the East Asian flora. Therefore, work on its introduction is underway in many regions of Russian Federation. Studying of the influence of meteorological factors on the phenology of the S. baicalensis in regions of Russian Federation with contrasting climatic conditions is important in grounds of climate change. Materials and methods. The object of the study is the population of the S. baicalensis biocollections of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Meteorological indicators: sum of active temperatures, sum of precipitation. Statistical analysis: Tau-b-Kendall correlation coefficient. Results. The duration of the growing season in each region has little variability, independently of the weather conditions of the year. The interval between the onset of phenological phases in the Crimea was characterized by weaker variability than in the Non-Chernozem zone. A significantly smaller amount of active temperatures was required for the onset of phenological phases In the Non-Chernozem zone compared to the southern coast of Crimea. The difference in the average sum of active temperatures across the regions reached 1694.6°C by the end of the growing season. The amount of precipitation had sharp fluctuations in both regions and in all years of research. Conclusion. Secondary flowering, wide amplitudes of the duration of phenological phases and the growing season as a whole, the sum of active temperatures and precipitation indicate the ecological plasticity of the S. baicalensis and the availability of conditions for its cultivation in both regions

Use of national and international growth charts for studying height in european children: Development of up-to-date european height-for-age charts

Background: Growth charts based on data collected in different populations and time periods are key tools to assess children's linear growth. We analyzed the impact of geographic factors and the secular trend on height-for-age charts currently used in European populations, developed up-to-date European growth charts, and studied the effect of u

Pharmacological blockade of cannabinoid type II receptors and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a model of peripheral neuropathic pain

Objective. To evaluate the anti-nociceptive and reparative effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) under the pharmacological blockade of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in a model of peripheral neuropathic pain.Material and methods. In 40 male Wistar rats, modeling of peripheral neuropathy (NP) was performed by excising a sciatic nerve. On day 7 of the study, ADMSCs (1 × 106 cells/kg) were transplanted into the area of sciatic nerve injury without additional influences or after administration of the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, as well as after incubation with AM630. Within 90  days, nociceptive sensitivity was studied, as well as a detailed analysis of gait using CatWalk XT (Noldus, Netherlands). On day 21 and day 90, histostructure of the distal segment of the sciatic nerve was assessed.Results. Pharmacological blockade of CB2 receptors both on the ADMSCs and in the soft tissues surrounding the site of sciatic nerve injury led to a decrease in withdrawal threshold and withdrawal latency from day 28 of the study compared with the group of rats with NP and transplantation of ADMSCs only. Local injection of AM630 before transplantation of ADMSCs contributed to the development of  NP-induced gait disturbances and increase of the number of damaged nerve fibers in the distal segment of sciatic nerve. Transplantation of ADMSCs pretreated with  AM630 did not significantly affect the rate of recovery of gait parameters, and decreased the number of damaged nerve fibers by day 90 of study.Conclusion. Blockade of CB2 receptors, both on the membranes of MSCs and in the area of damage to the peripheral nerve, has a negative effect on the development of the anti-nociceptive and reparative effects of MSCs