28 research outputs found
Anticancer Activity of Proapoptotic Peptides is Highly Improved by Thermal Targeting using Elastin-like Polypeptides
Lactobacillus paracasei CD4 as potential indigenous lactic cultures with antioxidative and ACE inhibitory activity in soymilk hydrolysate
The 1961 Sikkim subject regulation and ‘indirect rule’ in Sikkim: ancestrality, land property and unequal citizenship
Characteristic Analysis of Peptide Fraction Extracted from Dendrobium aphyllum After In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Fermentation by Human Fecal Microbiota
Changes in ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities in alcalase treated idli batter and idli after fermentation
Transhumance, livestock mobility and mutual benefits between crop and livestock production
Grazing-based livestock production, named pastoralism, is classified into nomadism, transhumance and agro-pastoralism. Transhumance is characterised by the seasonal and recurring movement of livestock whereby seasonal grazing areas and routes for livestock movement are fixed. All grazing based livestock production systems including transhumance are constrained globally for a variety of reasons. The major threats to the system are globalisation, nationalisation or privatisation of rangelands, national parks and community forestry policies restricting free grazing and shortage of labour. The collapse or decline of such social-ecological systems (SESs), which have existed for over 1000s years, often induces adverse impacts on societies and ecosystems. Here we review the literature on transhumance, and discuss reasons for transhumance, and the associated advantages and disadvantages of livestock movement in transhumance. Our review also focuses on how the integration of crop and livestock production in transhumance derives mutual benefits. The review indicates that the seasonal movement of livestock is an ecological necessity in areas with harsh climates and low pasture production. Transhumance is also a herders’ adaptive management to adjust to variable grazing resources and environmental conditions. The disadvantages of seasonal movement of livestock
such as greater herding labour required and expenditure of more energy for livestock, are far outweighed by the ecological advantages. Some of these are: to minimise grazing competition and to protect rangeland pastures from being overgrazed. Our review also indicates that the integration of crop and livestock production derives mutual benefits and contributes for their enhanced sustainability