From Expatriate Labour to Localisation: A Milestone Analysis of Botswana Education Sector 2008 - 2014

Government of Botswana embraced a policy of citizen economic empowerment in its development planning process. Prior to, and after formalisation of such policies in 2012, a number of programmes and policies aimed at supporting citizen economic empowerment have been implemented (Government Paper NO. 1 OF 2012). The Localisation Policy gives preference to employment of Batswana over non-citizens with similar educational and training qualifications.  This paper sought to do an impact analysis of the localisation policy with specific reference to the education sector. The policy on localisation like other empowerment policies was not limited to only one sector of the economy but to all.    The period 2008 – 2016 was covered. This paper will however limit its analysis of the localisation milestones achieved in the education sector for the period 2008-2014.  Analysis relied much on a self-study approach by reporting and analysing statistics published by the Government of Botswana themselves.  The analysis put into consideration that in their policy document Botswana Government states clearly that they will not only train for the local market when they state that “to this end, Botswana will adopt global standards in providing for the necessary human resources needs of domestic enterprises and ensure that Batswana skills are marketable in the global labour market (Government Paper NO. 1 OF 2012:1-2).” The paper adopted a secondary research approach in which related literature (Government of Botswana policy paper on localisation Paper No. 1 OF 2012, Botswana labour statistics report 2011; 2014; Statistics Botswana Annual Report 2015/2016, Bank of Botswana annual report 2015; Statistics Botswana Selected Statistical indicators 1966-2016; and other general literature) were perused and analysed. Key findings revealed that expatriate numbers in the education sector were on a year to year increase between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, there were 427 permit holders in the education sector compared to 925 in 2011. The trend however improved from 2012 to 2014. Significant decrease of expatriate teachers was experienced. The decreases were significate from 925 in 2011 to 526 in 2012 and 474 and 476 in 2013 and 2014 respectively. This aforementioned analysis depicts a struggle in implementation in the early years of the project which could be due to different reasons which this research does not intend to address. Keywords: Expatriate Labour, Botswana Education DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-12-14 Publication date:June 30th 202

Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion: Case of Gaborone City

Cities in the developing world have not been spared from the congestion problems due to economic growth and subsequent increase in vehicle ownership by both private and public owners. Traffic congestion is a major challenge in Gaborone, especially in the Western by pass road of the city resulting in massive delays, a decrease in productivity, an increase in environmental pollution, and an increase in travel time. The objective of this paper is to analyse urban transportation congestion, identify causes and proffer solutions through engaging road user perceptions, transport planning authorities and transport policy makers in Botswana. The study employed an exploratory design to sample 208 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Quantitative data were used and analysed using SPSS v 21. The study revealed that there is massive influx of motor vehicles in the city, inadequate urban infrastructure, poor infrastructural planning, poor or no urban transport policy framework, and Road Traffic Incidents  were the main causes of traffic congestion. The effects of traffic congestion are higher transport costs, massive delays, pollution, decreased productivity and stress to motorists as a result of longer travelling time. The study recommends improvement of road infrastructure especially intersections with traffic circles, implementation of mass transit system in transporting public within the city, public education on effects of congestion, implementation of smart urban transportation, mobility technologies (transport intelligence systems) and implementation of non-motorised mobility. Keywords: congestion, Gaborone, urban transport, Botswana, mass transit, Main Mall, central business district. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-8-06 Publication date: April 30th 202

Economic Growth and Diversification:Public Transport Drivers’ Perception of Their Inclusion in the Mainstream Employment. Case of Gaborone

This paper sought to establish the level of ambition that exists in local public transport drivers to participate in the mainstream line of economic growth and diversification. The study took a quantitative approach. During the study 100 respondents were randomly chosen. The chosen respondents were found at Gaborone taxi ranks. The taxi routes included in the study were made up of (Gabane, Tlokweng, Broadhurst, Mogoditshane, Ledumang, blocks, Mmopane, Naledi etc.) The evidence suggests that the majority of drivers in the local public transport industry have interest in being absorbed into the more sustainable formal sector. The paper established that the majority of people (67%) employed as public drivers have formal education and some have tertiary qualifications; and if opportunity presents itself they would like to be in other economic parts. It is important to note that those with tertiary qualification are involved in this sector because of estimated 37.5% youth unemployment rate.  The remaining 33 % were content remaining in the Industry because of flexible working hours that enables them to do other side businesses. This study is a call to government to intervene in order to consider formalising this sector as a profession. In conclusion; Government and public transport sector should also consider coming up with a medium-term (five years) public transport plan and strategy to promote growth and sustainability of the sector since significant number of the drivers are serving in the industry not out of choice but because they could not obtain employment in their preferred trades.   The paper recommends that Government should facilitate the formation of clusters for combi business in order to help the public transport industry to grow and ensure sustainability and hence eliminate the need to migrate to the mainstream sector Keywords: Public Sector Transport, Inclusion, drivers, COVID-19, lockdown DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-10-11 Publication date:May 31st 202

Low Taxpayer Compliance in Zimbabwe: Role of Balance Scorecard on the Performance of ZIMRA

The innovation and introduction of the balanced scorecard as a strategy performance management tool was a response to the ever changing and volatile business environment and the failure of older frameworks to keep pace with such changes. For firms to survive, research has proven that they need embrace change to sustain their strategic capabilities; change which may prescribe the need to drift from traditional performance management approaches and embrace modern techniques. This paper adopted a desk and library research approach. Data was collected through review of published articles, official reports from ZIMRA, Newspaper articles and the internet. The findings of the study show that ZIMRA are experiencing compliance problems in collection of tax. To improve on the compliance levels, this paper strongly recommends that ZIMRA should involve stakeholders (taxpayers, academics, parliamentarians, business community) in its policy formulation and setting of yearly targets. Keywords: Balanced scorecard, ZIMRA, tax Compliance, performance measurement