The metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic subjects in Gorgan, Iran

Objective: To assess the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in subjects diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in Gorgan, Iran.Methods: Data were collected from 200 subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and they were categorized aswith or without the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using Adult Treatment Panel-III(ATP-III) guidelines.Results: The overall metabolic syndrome prevalence was 51.50%. The mean age of all the subjects was53.65±9.50 years. There were 122 females and 78 males of whom 65 females and 38 males had the metabolic syndrome. The mean uration of diabetes was 7.70±1.29 years. Mean triglycerides were 185.15±56.63 mg/dl,and fasting blood glucose 153 ±19.6 mg/dl. These levels were significantly higher in the subjects with type-2diabetes with metabolic syndrome, but the mean HDL-cholesterol was 37.96±5.09 mg/dl and this was lower (p<0.001). Female and male subjects with metabolic syndrome had significantly longer (except HDL-cholesterol)duration of diabetes, higher Triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.001, p < 0.05).Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Females were more affected than males

Comparison of serum levels of hepcidin and pro-hepcidin in hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects

Hepcidin prevents absorption of iron from the intestine and inhibits release of iron from macrophages and hepatocytes. For this reason, it seems that high levels of hepcidin are a predisposing factor for anemia in chronic inflammatory conditions such as chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. This study was designed to determine the role of changes in the level of serum hepcidin in the management of hemodialysis patients. This study included 44 dialysis patients and 44 controls. The hepcidin and pro-hepcidin levels were measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. The serum ferritin level was measured by the chemiluminescence method. The mean hepcidin level was 999.3 ± 996.7 ng/mL in the case group and 770.4 ± 815.9 ng/mL in the control group (P = 0.25). The mean pro-hepcidin level was, respectively, 186.1 ± 220.3 pg/mL and 150.87 ± 207.7 pg/mL, in the case group and control groups (P = 0.45). The mean (standard deviation) ferritin level was 816.4 ± 379.4 ng/mL in the case group and 193 ± 171.8 ng/mL in the control group (P < 0.001). In the case group, the correlation between serum ferritin and hepcidin was not significant (r = 0.6, P = 0.08). Also, there was no significant correlation between serum ferritin and pro-hepcidin levels (r = 0.6, P = 0.08). A positive correlation was seen between pro-hepcidin and hepcidin levels (r = 0.92, P < 0.01). In this study, the results showed that the serum hepcidin levels are high in dialysis patients and that there was no correlation with the serum ferritin levels

GB virus C viremia and anti-E2 antibody response among hemodialysis patients in Gorgan, Iran

Background: GB Virus C is a blood-borne virus and a member of Flaviviridae, like hepatitis C that is distributed globally and puts hemodialysis patients at high risk of developing liver disease. The clinical significance of GBV-C in this population remains unclear

Serum level of vitamin D in patients with kidney transplantation in Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea), Iran

Patients who received kidney transplantation, vitamin D deficiency is probable due to deficient sun exposure and the lag between transplant and normal kidney function. In this study, serum level of vitamin D was assessed in patients with kidney transplantation and normal population. All transplant patients in 5 Azar hospital and clinics of Gorgan were recruited. The results show that among kidney transplant receivers and control subjects, 55.1% and 2% had significantly 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, 42.9% and 63.3% significantly 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency, respectively. In kidney transplant receivers, there was one person with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. The time passed from the transplantation had no significant effects on serum level of vitamin D and was lower in those with higher time passed. It could be concluded that there is high prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency after kidney transplantation (98% of our patients), without considering of transplantation time. In accord with recent informs, we suggest it very necessary that status of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency are corrected in kidney transplant patients. Hence, supplementing of vitamin D appeared to be the only possible ways of making better and correcting vitamin D status in kidney transplant receivers. © IDOSI Publications, 2012

Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome p450 (2C9) enzyme in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in turkmen and fars ethnic groups

Background: Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP450 2C9) has an important role in metabolic processes. Mutations in CYP450 2C9 genes may affect the catalytic activity of this enzyme. The aim of the present study is to assess the genetic polymorphisms of Cytochrome P450 (2C9) enzyme in Turkmen and Fars ethnic groups with type 2 diabetes compared with controls. Methods: A total of 336 Turkmen and 336 Fars type 2 diabetic patients and 336 healthy Turkmen and Fars individuals were included in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples and then the CYP2C9 genotyping was done using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique. Results: The CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 allele frequencies in type 2 diabetic patients were 85.27, 11.68, and 3.05, and in control were 87.13, 8.56, and 4.31, respectively. We found significant differences between allele distribution of 2C9 in type 2 diabetic patients and controls. CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was significantly different in Turkmen and Fars type 2 diabetic compared to two ethnic controls. The CYP2C9*1/*1 and CYP2C9*1/*2 genotypes frequencies in type 2 diabetic Turkmen showed significant differences compared to Turkmen control. There were significant differences in the genotype frequency of CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*2, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2C9*2/*2, and CYP2C9*2/*3 between type 2 diabetic Fars and Fars controls. Two diabetic ethnic groups showed statistically significant differences in frequencies of CYP2C9*2/*2 and CYP2C9*2/*3 genotypes. Conclusion: Our study suggests that diabetic patients with mutant CYP2C9 polymorphism may show different antidiabetic drug metabolism compared to the wild-type allele. In this regard, determination of CYP2C9 alleles and genotypes can be a useful tool for the treatment of diabetic patients with antidiabetic drugs because it may assist physicians’ to determine optimal dosage and efficiency of drugs metabolized by this polymorphic enzyme. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers

Effect of Spirulina on Lipid Profile, Glucose and Malondialdehyde Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

The study aimed to assess possible spirulina effects on lipid profile, glucose, and malondialdehyde levels in new cases of type 2 diabetes. The subjects consisted of 30 new cases of types 2 diabetes that divided into two groups; each consisted of 15 diabetic patients. Group I did not take any functional food or supplement and received no spirulina supplementation. Group II or experimental group also did not take any functional food or supplement but received spirulina supplementation. Analysis of data was done using SPSS 16.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. After eight weeks of spirulina supplementation, significant differences were shown in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde. The serum fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles, and malondialdehyde levels at baseline were negatively and positively correlated with changes in these parameters. Spirulina supplementation may have a beneficial effect on lipid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels through an interventional 8 weeks. This effect may protect subjects against free radicals and the development of some diseases such as atherosclerosis. The spirulina supplementation also showed a potential lipid-lowering effect on new case type 2 diabetic patients which may help the diabetics to have control on lipid levels. In addition, spirulina may be used as a functional food for the management of lipid profiles and MDA levels. © 2022, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas (Biblioteca). All rights reserved

Hemodialysis efficacy in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in Gorgan, Northern Iran (2008)

Background and Objective: Hemodialysis is one of the common therapulic proceduce for terminal renal failure. Insufficient and low efficient hemodialysis increases the mortality rate, therefore the assessment of hemodialysis efficacy is important. This study was done to determine the hemodialysis efficacy based on urea reduction ratio (URR) model and kt/v (Clearance Time Volume) criteria in Gorgan, Northern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study 113 heomdilysis patients were selected prior to hemodilysis and five minutes after pump stopping, arterial blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured and then kt/v and URR were calculated. Also kt/v relations with weight, gender, educational level, length of hemodialysis session, blood flow rate, TMP (Terans Membran Presure), filter Ku/f (Clearance Ultrafiltration), preliminary disease, time of hemodialysis per week and the type of vessel access were determined. Data analyzed using SPSS-13 and independent t-test, chi-square, fisher exact test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The mean of hemodilysis history was 37 months and mean of Patient's ages were 51.6 years. 77.9% of subjects had hemodialysis efficacy according to Kt/v and URR critrial. There was a statistical significant correlation between hemodialysis efficacy and time of hemodialysis session, blood flow rate, time of hemodialysis per week and type of vessels access (P<0.05), but there was not any significant correlation between hemodialysis efficacy and weight, gender, education, TMP, filter Ku/f and preliminary disease. Conclusion: This study suggested that hemodialysis efficacy in this center was better that other studies in Iran