Early emergence of cortical interneuron diversity in the mouse embryo

Embryonic hints of adult diversity The adult brain contains dozens of different types of interneurons that control and refine neuronal circuits. Mi et al. used single-cell transcriptomics to investigate when these subtypes emerge during interneuron development in the mouse. Transcriptomes of embryonic interneurons showed similarities to adult classes of differentiated interneurons, thus dividing the immature embryonic interneurons themselves into classes. Nearly a dozen classes of embryonic neurons could be identified soon after their last mitosis by transcriptomic similarity with known classes of adult cortical interneurons. Thus, the fate of embryonic interneurons can be read in their transcriptomes well before the neurons migrate and reach their final sites of differentiation and circuit integration. Science , this issue p. 81 </jats:p

Study of pion-proton elastic scattering in the region of the X[superscript 0] threshold

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La périurbanisation dans l'espace rural grec / Peri-urbanisation in Greak rural areas

Peri-urbanisation in Greece occurs in three major ways. First, around the two cities of Athens and Salonika with the outward spread of industry and the extension of residential zones. Second, by the progressive diffusion of activities around small and medium-sized towns. Finally, along coastal zones and in the islands, in more less discontinuous form, linked to tourism. The study of two villages in the region of Corinthia in the Peloponnese illustrates peri-urbanisation around Athens : population increase, a change in agricultural specialisation and the development of second homes.La périurbanisation en Grèce se réalise selon trois modalités principales. D'abord autour des deux grandes villes d'Athènes et Salonique par desserrement industriel et extension des zones résidentielles. Ensuite autour des villes petites et moyennes par progression diffuse. Enfin le long des littoraux et dans les îles par urbanisation plus ou moins discontinue à fonction touristique. Une étude de deux villages de la région de Corinthie dans le Péloponnèse illustre la périurbanisation autour d'Athènes : accroissement de la population, changement des spécialités agricoles, développement des résidences secondaires.Anthopoulou Théodossia, Moissidis Antonis. La périurbanisation dans l'espace rural grec / Peri-urbanisation in Greak rural areas. In: Géocarrefour, vol. 77, n°4, 2002. La Grèce aujourd'hui. pp. 359-366

A Survey of Academic Approaches to Agrarian Transformation in Post-War Greece

Discussed here are the interpretations of agrarian transformation in Greece during the post-war period. These are divided roughly into developmentalist, populist and ethnographic arguments. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of an interdisciplinary method in order to understand patterns of rural change, without attributing a determining role either to a political economy perspective or to an a-historical concept of community. Using the example of ethnohistory, this survey argues for an effective comparative ethnography of rural change, thereby overcoming the usual distinction between macro and micro-analysis

Cortical somatostatin long-range projection neurons and interneurons exhibit divergent developmental trajectories

The mammalian cerebral cortex contains an extraordinary diversity of cell types that emerge by implementing different developmental programs. Delineating when and how cellular diversification occurs is particularly challenging for cortical inhibitory neurons because they represent a small proportion of all cortical cells and have a protracted development. Here, we combine single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to characterize the emergence of neuronal diversity among somatostatin-expressing (SST+) cells in mice. We found that SST+ inhibitory neurons segregate during embryonic stages into long-range projection (LRP) neurons and two types of interneurons, Martinotti cells and non-Martinotti cells, following distinct developmental trajectories. Two main subtypes of LRP neurons and several subtypes of interneurons are readily distinguishable in the embryo, although interneuron diversity is likely refined during early postnatal life. Our results suggest that the timing for cellular diversification is unique for different subtypes of SST+ neurons and particularly divergent for LRP neurons and interneurons