The researches of kinetic electron emission for creation of new-type current source

It is suggested that the high energy electrons produced in ionization due to the nuclear particle flow should be used for effective conversion the radioactive decay energy into electrical energy. The conversation of secondary electron emission energy enables one to create a power source with a typical voltage of (10-20) V and a capacity above 2000 KWt×h/kg, this being much higher than for common sources. Moreover, the operation of this type of sources does not require heating to high temperature and use of a refrigerator; this significantly extends their area of application. The experimental studies into secondary emission characteristics of various materials were carried out to optimize binary cell materials of a secondary - emission radioisotope current source. The total current as a function of collector materials was measured. New data on the secondary emission characteristics of certain materials were obtained. It was ascertained that the total binary cell current had an effect upon secondary electron - electron emission. By way of example, a typical power dependence of voltage was investigated for copper collector; the optimum voltage value corresponding to peak power was calculated too

Status of the GAMMA-400 Project

The preliminary design of the new space gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 for the energy range 100 MeV - 3 TeV is presented. The angular resolution of the instrument, 1-2{\deg} at E{\gamma} ~100 MeV and ~0.01^{\circ} at E{\gamma} > 100 GeV, its energy resolution ~1% at E{\gamma} > 100 GeV, and the proton rejection factor ~10E6 are optimized to address a broad range of science topics, such as search for signatures of dark matter, studies of Galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sources, Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, gamma-ray bursts, as well as high-precision measurements of spectra of cosmic-ray electrons, positrons, and nuclei.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, submitted to Advances in Space Researc

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Actual Problems of the Russian Economy

The urgency of researching the problems of the Russian economy is beyond doubt. It is determined by the scale and complexity of the tasks set by President V. Putin in 7the May 2018 decree. The purpose of the study is to study the current problems of the Russian economy and, on this basis, offer recommendations for their elimination in order to achieve the indicators indicated by the head of state and above all enter the TOP-5 largest economies of the world. The main objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the main problems of the Russian economy. 2. To analyze the current shortcomings policy. 3. To show the conditions under which the economy can develop at a pace. When studying the main issues of the topic, the authors use the following methods: dialectic, system-functional, economic-statistical, and formal-logical methods; the method of comparative analysis was used by the authors for comparison with the economies of other countries, for example, with the economy of China. In this article, the authors attempted to analyze the main current problems of the Russian economy in order to show which “baggage” should be eliminated in the near future, which priority tasks should be solved in order to make a planned breakthrough in socio-economic development and get into the TOP-5 largest economies in the world

Dynamic Model of the Decision Making Process in the Construction Field

В работе представлена динамическая модель, описывающая процесс принятия решений в строительной сфере, которая состоит из трех этапов: постановки задачи, анализа имеющихся альтернатив, и выбора оптимального решения. Математическое моделирование основано на применении теории марковских случайных процессов. Проанализированы временные зависимости своевременного выполнения этапов от внешних параметров, влияющих на процесс принятия решений. The paper presents a dynamic model that describes the decision-making process in the construction industry, which consists of three stages: problem statement, analysis of available alternatives, and selection of the optimal solution. Mathematical modeling is based on the application of the theory of Markov random processes. The time dependences of timely completion of stages on external parameters influencing the decision-making process are analyzed

APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF MEASURING LATENT VARIABLES FOR ASSESSMENT THE QUALITY OF OBJECTS

В работе ставится задача проанализировать возможность построить модель оценки качества произвольных объектов на основе модели Раша измерения латентных переменных. In this paper, the task is to analyze the possibility of constructing a model for assessing the quality of arbitrary objects based on the Rasch model of measuring latent variables

Ortnogonal-to-unitary ensemble crossover in the electronic specific heat of metal namoclusters

We present a theoretical and experimental study on the influence of a magnetic field on the energy-level statistics in metal nanoparticles. Based on the random-matrix theory, a gradual field-in-duced crossover behavior is predicted from the orthogonal to the unitary ensemble. Experimental data of the electronic specific heat of metal nanoparticles for different fields in the quantum-size temperature regime compare favourably with these theoretical (analytical) predictions