CUSTOS E FORMAÃÃO DE PREÃOS NO AGRONEGÃCIO

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a gestão de custos e o processo de formação de preços das agroindústrias paraibanas. A pesquisa envolveu um estudo empírico com 20 empresas do setor da agroindústria pertencentes a sete atividades distintas. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação de um questionário. Observou-se que a maioria das empresas possui sistema de custos ou alguma forma de estrutura de custos, sendo o gerente geral o responsável pelo registro dos custos do processo produtivo. Quanto aos fatores limitantes para implantação do sistema de custos, parte das empresas analisadas alegou que a contabilidade gerencial fornece dados suficientes para gestão dos seus negócios. Constatou-se que o principal critério utilizado no processo de formação do preço de venda das empresas analisadas foi o mark-up, aplicando-o sobre o custo de produção. Uma parcela das empresas pesquisadas utiliza o mark-up sobre valor da matéria-prima

The effect of a semi-autonomous robot on children

This research focuses on designing the behavior of an\u3cbr/\u3esemi-autonomous robot that supports the researcher while still\u3cbr/\u3ebeing in control of the interaction. We present a study on\u3cbr/\u3ebehavioral intervention design in which elements of Pivotal\u3cbr/\u3eResponse Treatment elements are embedded into a game played\u3cbr/\u3eby a robot and a child. The introduction of more autonomy in\u3cbr/\u3erobot behavior and interaction increases the time that a\u3cbr/\u3eresearcher can focus on the child. In order to understand\u3cbr/\u3ewhether children perceive an autonomous robot differently than\u3cbr/\u3ea remotely controlled robot, we examined the preferences of\u3cbr/\u3echildren. Using a within-subject design, fourteen typically\u3cbr/\u3edeveloped children played with a robot that performed behavior\u3cbr/\u3eeither autonomously or through remote control. The results show\u3cbr/\u3ethat both robots were evaluated as equally engaging for the\u3cbr/\u3echildren. Thus, autonomous robots allow the operator to focus\u3cbr/\u3eless on remotely controlling the robot and more on the\u3cbr/\u3einteraction

Pinus maximartinezii Rzed. (Pinaceae), primer registro para Durango, segunda localidad para la especie

Volume: 96Start Page: 33End Page: 4

Effectiveness of xylanase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as feed additives on gas emissions from agricultural calf farms

Worldwide, agricultural farming systems, such as livestock production, face the increasing challenge of maintaining future global demand for meat and dairy products because of an expected increase in population (Wiedemann et al., 2017). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2006) expects that an increase in purchasing power for food from animal sources raises the yearly demand to 465 and 1.043 million t for meat and milk products. Besides, the FAO estimates the growth of global population to reach 9.6 billion by the y 2050 (FAO, 2016), with a doubled purchasing power for meat and dairy products. To meet this rise in demand, agricultural systems need to devise a means to adapt to the probability of dangerous climate change and become more resilient, productive and sustainable (FAO, 2016)The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of supplementing calves’ diets with exogenous enzymes (xylanase; XYL) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae [SC]) on the sustainable control of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions in agricultural calves farming. Three different levels of supplemented diets of XYL (0, 3 and 6 mg/g of dry matter (DM)), SC (0, 2 and 4 mg/g of DM) and mixture of XYL and SC (0, 2 mL XYL þ 2 mg SC, 6 mL XYL þ 4 mg SC/g of DM) were tested. Asymptotic gas production (GP) consistently decreased by each of the additives with the lowest value at the high dose of XYL þ SC mixture (P < 0.05) compared with the control and the low dose of XYL þ SC mixture. Methane production was reduced by additives inclusion (P < 0.05) when compared with the control treatment with no additive. Xylanase þ SC at all doses increased CO2 production (P < 0.05) whereas the high dose had the most statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GP and CH4 production compared with control, XYL and SC additives at different doses. Interaction between additive and rumen liquor was observed for rate of GP (P ¼ 0.027) and initial delay before GP (P < 0.001). Inclusion of XYL, SC, and XYL þ SC mixture had less asymptotic GP while XYL þ SC mixture had the lowest initial delay (39%) before GP began. The XYL þ SC had the lowest rate of CH4 production (9%) and highest asymptotic CO2 production (81%). The findings of this study indicate that inclusion of XYL or SC additives can improve rumen fermentation and reduce greenhouse gases production. The study also established that the mixture of XYL and SC is more efficient in reducing gas and CH4 emissions for cleaner environmental production conditions in calf farming