Piezoelectric resonance in Rochelle salt: the contribution of diagonal strains

Within the framework of two-sublattice Mitsui model with taking into account the shear strain $\varepsilon_4$ and the diagonal strains $\varepsilon_2$ and $\varepsilon_3$, a dynamic dielectric response of Rochelle salt X-cuts is considered. Experimentally observed phenomena of crystal clamping by high frequency electric field, piezoelectric resonance and microwave dispersion are described. It is shown that the lowest resonant frequency is always associated with the $\varepsilon_4$ shear modeComment: 17 pages, 6 figure

INNOVATIONS AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS:AN INSTITUTIONALIST APPROACH TO THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR INNOVATION

This article seeks to add to the debate on the role of informal institutions on innovations within firms. It argues that social capital arising from informal institutions can either help innovation or inhibit it within small enterprises. The paper attempts to provide a conceptual framework of how social capital fosters innovation within small firms. Like physical and human capital, social capital is also considered an explanatory factor in theories of innovation. Social networks become an essential element in the economic activity of the small businesses as they are more likely to rely on them to obtain information and learn about new techniques of productions due to their smaller resource base.Social capital, innovation, informal institutions, Pakistan

Major physical characteristics of Rochelle salt: the role of thermal strains

We compare the results for the related to the shear strain \epsilon_4 physical characteristics of Rochelle salt obtained within the recently developed modified two-sublattice Mitsui model that takes into account the strain \epsilon_4 and the diagonal components of the strain tensor \epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \epsilon_3 with the results of the previous modification of the Mitsui model with the strain \epsilon_4 only. Within the framework of the model with the diagonal (thermal expansion) strains, we also reexamine the effects of the longitudinal electric field E_1 on the dielectric properties of Rochelle salt.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

Sutures or Resection of the Protruding End of Medial Crura

The anatomic alterations of the columella may compromise aesthetically both the nasal base and its function

Depressor Septi Nasi Muscle Resection or Nerve Block

In our daily practice, we usually perform the rhinoplasty without considering the dynamic functions.The depressor septi nasi muscle (DSNM) is very important in nose dynamics. Its hyperactivity in some rhinoplasty patients while they smiling or speaking causes a deformity that includes drooping of the nasal tip, elevation and shortening of the upper lip, and increased maxillary gingival show. The dissection of the depressor septi muscle during rhinoplasty can improve the tip-upper lip relationship in appropriately selected patients

Body Contour Surgery in Massive Weight Loss Patients

Background: Massive weight loss population presents different body deformities due to deflation and poor skin tone. Deformities in the lower trunk, upper torso, arms, and thighs are based on age, degree of skin laxity, and adipose tissue. Traditional plastic surgery techniques like abdominoplasty will not work in this kind of patients. Surgeon’s major challenge is how to restore the skin and overlaying fat in patients that do not have the same deformities. Identifying the vectors of dropping tissue will lead to classifying this kind of deformities and planning the best surgical procedure

Negative/positive electrocaloric effect in antiferroelectric squaric acid

Using the previously developed model we study the electrocaloric effect (ECE) in antiferroelectric crystals of squaric acid. At low temperatures, the polarization reorientation by the electric field applied along the crystallographic $a$ axis of these crystals is predicted to be a two-stage process, with one of the sublattice polarizations switched twice, by 90$^\circ$ each time. The $T$-$E$ landscapes of the model polarization and entropy are explored. The ECE, characterized by the introduced electric Gr\"uneisen parameter, is found to be negative in the antiferroelectric phase. In the intermediate ferrielectric phase with perpendicular sublattice polarizations it is positive at low fields, but becomes slightly negative below the transition to the ferroelectric phase. In the ferroelectric phase the ECE is positive at all temperatures and fields. Maximal EC temperature shift magnitude is predicted to be just less than -3 K at 200 kV/cm. The supercritical behavior of the Gr\"uneisen parameter in the crossover region between two bicritical end points is explored.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figure