Identification of a strain of <i>Auricularia</i> and Taguchi optimization of petroleum-polluted soil mycoremediation

Petroleum contamination has become a serious global concern due to adverse effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Bioremediation has been known as one of the most effective and economical solutions to reduce and eliminate pollutions caused by petroleum compounds. In this study, mycoremediation of contaminated soil was evaluated using a strain of Auricularia to simultaneously produce high-value biomass. Pre-culture media was prepared by growing the fungus on different lignocellulosic materials derived from agricultural wastes. Sequence analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions confirmed that the strain belonged to Auricularia auricularia-judae with high homology. A four-factor Taguchi design was then adopted to determine the optimal points of temperature (25 and 35 °C), type of media (mixtures of rice bran, tea waste, wheat straw, corn sticks, and sawdust), inoculum size (2 and 6 g), and nitrogen source (urea, ammonium nitrate, and nitrogen-free). The findings indicated that after 45 d, the mixture of rice bran, sawdust, and tea waste with 6 g inoculum in the absence of nitrogen at 35 °C ended up in striking efficiency of 71%. To the best of our knowledge, the study is a highly efficient bioremediation of petroleum-polluted soils using an edible strain of fungus. High degradation performance of Auricularia highlights the crucial role of lignocellulosic waste materials for biodegradation process.</p

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>x) spleen, and skin at ages (a) E14, (b) E17 and (c) 10 weeks. Size is indicated on the right

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>orms

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>ozygous dams, A) 5368, 5372 and B) 5363, 5385, is consistent with the phenotype. Males are denoted by squares, and females by circles. () and wild-type () haplotypes are indicated as solid black and solid white symbols, respectively

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>, and respective amino acids are shown above the first base pair in a codon for the homozygous sequences. (B) ClustalW alignment of the wild type (WT) and mutated (LN, GS3 and LAV, respectively) amino acid sequences from mouse [6], human [13], and chicken

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>orms

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>into two fragments of sizes 334 bp and 146 bp, while the allele does not digest; (A) , (B) , (C)

A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A single point-mutation within the melanophilin gene causes the plumage colour dilution phenotype in the chicken"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/7</p><p>BMC Genetics 2008;9():7-7.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2253553.</p><p></p>x) spleen, and skin at ages (a) E14, (b) E17 and (c) 10 weeks. Size is indicated on the right