The Great Power Origins of Human Rights

For years, historians depicted the history of human rights as the inexorable triumph of universal norms. This account underestimates both the historical and contemporary uncertainty surrounding many international human rights. As even casual observers must note, the tale of human rights progress is not littered with beneficent heads of state persuaded to pursue progress by the moral charge of universal norms. Instead, this history’s primary scenes feature struggles among great powers, peoples, and movements advancing diverse interests. Recognizing the complexity of human rights history, a new generation of historians has emphasized that human rights progress is not preordained, but rather requires the alignment of powerful actors’ self-interests with human rights goals. Building off insights gleaned from these new revisionist histories, this Note provides a more accurate account of human rights evolution during the period from World War I to the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Though there were important events in human rights history before and after this era, the foundation of contemporary human rights law was built during this thirty-year period. Properly understanding the interests and actors that shaped this foundation will assist in predicting and influencing the future growth of human rights law

Small Automobiles Causing Large Air Pollution Problems on a Global Basis: The European Economic Community Can Learn and Live from United States Legislation

This Comment will first examine current United States policy, standards, and regulation of the emissions dispelled by moving vehicles. Second, an introduction to the European Economic Community (EEC) standard will be set forth, followed by a brief discussion on legislative harmonization within the EEC. An analysis of the existing policy for the regulation of vehicle emissions within the Community will also be presented. Finally, since the proposed integration of the EEC is a key step on the way to creation of a United States of Europe, the United States and EEC policies will be comparatively examined

Small Automobiles Causing Large Air Pollution Problems on a Global Basis: The European Economic Community Can Learn and Live from United States Legislation

This Comment will first examine current United States policy, standards, and regulation of the emissions dispelled by moving vehicles. Second, an introduction to the European Economic Community (EEC) standard will be set forth, followed by a brief discussion on legislative harmonization within the EEC. An analysis of the existing policy for the regulation of vehicle emissions within the Community will also be presented. Finally, since the proposed integration of the EEC is a key step on the way to creation of a United States of Europe, the United States and EEC policies will be comparatively examined

Effectiveness of Multifaceted Fall Prevention Programs in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Case Study: Client is a 72 year old female who has suffered a fall from loss in balance, which has increased fear of falling and decreased activity. Occupational Therapy wants to implement a Multifaceted Fall Prevention Program to improve participation and quality of life

Infantile Hemangiomas Masquerading as Other Periocular Disorders

Periocular tumors are common in infancy. The most common periocular tumors are capillary hemangiomas, which are present in 1-2% of newborns and develop in 10%–12% of children by the age of 1 year old. Deep capillary hemangiomas may be more challenging to diagnose than superficial capillary hemangiomas and can be confused with other orbital lesions. Deep orbital hemangiomas can mimic teratoma, lymphangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, metastatic neuroblastoma, and granulocytic sarcoma. In this paper, we describe 2 pediatric cases where previously diagnosed dermoid cyst and dacrocystocele were found to be capillary hemangiomas upon biopsy. Approaches to distinguish capillary hemangiomas from other periocular tumors are further discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of periocular hemangiomas imitating a dermoid cyst and a dacrocystocele. These cases emphasize the importance of including infantile hemangiomas in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous periocular abnormalities

Measurement and simulation of anisotropic magnetoresistance in single GaAs/MnAs core/shell nanowires

We report four probe measurements of the low field magnetoresistance in single core/shell GaAs/MnAs nanowires synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy, demonstrating clear signatures of anisotropic magnetoresistance that track the field-dependent magnetization. A comparison with micromagnetic simulations reveals that the principal characteristics of the magnetoresistance data can be unambiguously attributed to the nanowire segments with a zinc blende GaAs core. The direct correlation between magnetoresistance, magnetization and crystal structure provides a powerful means of characterizing individual hybrid ferromagnet/semiconductor nanostructures.Comment: Submitted to Applied Physics Letters; some typos corrected and a defective figure replace

The Limitations of Women in Science at Six Midwestern Colleges due to the Adherence to Conceptions of Gender Differences Between the Sexes in the Years of 1880 through 1940

It is difficult for college students today to imagine life when the term discrimination had not yet been defined or conceived. Yet only a little more than a hundred years ago women were first entering the academic world alongside men. These were often middle class women whose primary interactions with men had been through courtship and marriage. It was questioned whether women\u27s intellectual ability and physical stamina were strong enough to persevere through the college experience. Scientists and physicians, writing for the general public, cited evidence that besides physical distinctions between the sexes, there were also intellectual and emotional differences. For this reason women were guarded especially closely at college and often were housed in private homes in town. In such an atmosphere, collegiate women in the decades before and after the turn of the century could not possibly be immune from the effects of society\u27s conceptions of gender differences. But exactly how would their effects be manifested? Women\u27s choices of curricula exhibit their perception of themselves. Specifically, throughout the period between coeducation\u27s acceptance and the second world war, women\u27s decisions to major in science were contingent on women\u27s intentions for their post-collegiate use of the degrees, encouragement or discouragement, and the prestige science as a field of study held in the general public and workplace