DETERMINATION OF CETIRIZINE IN HUMAN PLASMA AND ITS VALIDATION OF METHOD USING HPLC TECHNIQUE

This reseach project is dedicated to analyze cetirizine in human plasma by using HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively, to make a reliable bioanalysis of this drug in human plasma with a goal to utilise it in pharmacokinetics studies. In this research project, cetirizine was extracted from plasma using liquid-liquid extraction by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The results in terms of accuracy and precision are compared. For both of the methods, amlodipine was used as the internal standard. Separation was carried out by Phenomenex C18  chromatography column. The mobile phase used here is 35:65, v/v of Acetonitrile to 0.3% triethylamine (TEA) buffer fixed at pH 3 by phosphoric acid, with flow rate of 1mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ᵒC. Various wavelength detector (VWD) was used, and detection was set at 237nm. The analysis was linear from 30ng/mL to 500ng/mL. Overall the recovery is more than 90% when using dichloromethane and more than 65% when using ethyl acetate. Keywords: Bioanalysis, Method validation, Cetirizine, Human plasma, HPLC    &nbsp

Morphological, teratogenic and behavioral evaluations of Gelidium spinosum methanol extract on zebrafish embryos

Gelidium spinosum is an edible red seaweed from the family Gelidiaceae with possibility to be developed. The potential medical benefits of G. spinosum have been established, yet adequate empirical research on its toxicity is still lacking. Hence, the present work was aimed to examine the toxicity of G. spinosum methanol extract (GsME) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and to identify the phytoconstituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results of this study showed that GsME induced morphological defects in zebrafish embryos, including reduction in eye size and body length. Moreover, yolk sac size and mortality were increased in zebrafish embryos exposed to GsME in a dose-dependent manner. GsME at high concentrations triggered teratogenic effects in zebrafish embryos such as decrease in heartbeat/minute, lack of pigmentation, lack of somite, structural deformity, pericardial oedema, and yolk oedema. The LC50 and EC50 of GsME were 1, indicating its teratogenic attribute. Additionally, GsME exerted behavioral effects i.e. significantly lower total distance of movement and slower swimming speed of zebrafish embryos. GC-MS analysis of GsME was confirmed the presence of amino acid, phenolics, carboxylic acids, reducing sugars, saturated fatty acids and brominated saturated fatty acid in the extract. It suggesting that compounds of 13-bromotetradecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid containing in GsME were contributed to the toxic effects