Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of Zingiber zerumbet using two level full factorial design

Zingiber zerumbet was reported to has chemo preventive effects and was suggested as one of the therapeutic treatments for cancer. In this study, Z. zerumbet was extracted using subcritical water extraction (SWE) by employing two level full factorial design. 2k full factorial design was employed using 18 runs with 10 repeats in central points. The independent variables factors were temperature (100-150°C), time (10-30 minutes) and material ratio (1:10 and 1:20 g/ml) for the evaluation of highest zerumbone concentration and overall yield of extracted Z. zerumbet. Effects of extraction temperature and time were found to be significant on all responses with p-value <0.05. However, the material ratio only gave significant effect on the zerumbone concentration and less significant on the yield. In addition, the value of curvature was found to be significant, thus indicating the relation between the independent variables and the response was linear. Therefore, it was found that the concentration of zerumbone and yield from Z. zerumbet extracted by SWE were significantly affected by temperature and time of extraction

Gold nanoparticles from plant materials: green extraction, biological synthesis and its beneficials properties for cosmeceutical applications

Green technologies have become trends among researchers and it is developing as the current demand is increased towards products that are processed through green technologies. In this regard, green extraction and green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from plants are presented and discussed. Rapid development in green extraction makes the researchers are competing in providing the best extraction techniques which will use safe extracting solvent, low energy consumption, and did not release hazardous materials as residues of the processes. The same thing goes for the green synthesis of GNPs, plant extracts are used as reducing agent and it does not release any hazardous residues as compared to chemical synthesized GNPs. The application of the GNPs in this paper is reviewed on their properties that are beneficial for cosmeceutical applications. Even though the application of GNPs in the cosmeceutical application in research papers is relatively unexplored, but it has a high potential to be studied since there is existing research that recognizes the properties played by GNPs. The properties that are mostly studied by researchers are an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity that is found to be advantageous in the production of cosmeceutical products

A comparative study on zerumbone concentration, radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of zingiber zerumbet extracted via green and conventional extraction

Extraction is crucial for herbal extraction to ensure high quality of bioactive compounds from natural herbs. In the current work, Zingiber Zerumbet was extracted via subcritical water extraction (SWE) and is compared with the conventional solvent extraction, Soxhlet. The quality of the extract was investigated in terms of zerumbone concentration, r adical scavenging activity (RSA) and total phenolic content (TPC). For zerumbone concentration, extraction via SWE gave 19.82 ±0.004 mg/g as compared with Soxhlet; 28.51±0.079 mg/g. However, the extraction time required for SWE to yield such concentration only required 40 minutes instead of Soxhlet which took 480 minutes. The same trend was recorded for RSA, which yielded 60.70±0.070% inhibition for SWE and 68.81±0.024% inhibition from Soxhlet extraction. In contrast to TPC, SWE recorded a higher response than Soxhlet extraction, which was 19.19±0.003 mgGAE/g DW, while Soxhlet; 8.30±0.019 mgGAE/g DW. Therefore, the SWE method is more favorable for obtaining a higher value of TPC, slightly good in antioxidant properties but lower zerumbone concentration value than organic solvent extraction. However, the reduced extraction time was almost 12 times quicker for SWE when compared with Soxhlet extraction. Overall, SWE is a promising alternative environmentally friendly since it only uses water as solvent and is co mparable to the conventional method

Development of bio-medical & cosmetic products from keratin protein:the production of anti aging cream with UV protection from chicken feathers

A research entitled the development of biomedical and cosmetic products from keratin protein. Protein builds up most of the outer surface on human body. In this research, chickens feathers will be used as protein sources. Hence, the protein in the chicken feather is extracted and used in the personal care products. The personal care products focused in this research is anti aging cream with ultra violet (UV) protection. The production of anti aging cream is using formulation created by safe and cheap ingredients easily available in Malaysia. The cream is then analyzed with pH meter, micro centrifuge, particle size analysis, rheometer, phase separation and tested with rat skin. All the data collected shows the creams are stable, no phase separations happen to cream and no irritation on the ratskin. In conclusion, there is no harm and safe in the usage of this anti aging cream with UV protection

Development of Anti-Ageing Cream from Chicken Feathers

This work presents the development of anti-ageing cream. Keratin protein derived from chicken feathers is used as an active ingredient in creams. Keratin was extracted by using reducing agent. Anti-ageing creams were produced by using several ingredients comprise of emulsifier, emollient, preservatives and surfactant. The creams were formulated using safe ingredients that include competitively price materials which are easily available in Malaysia. All the formulations were evaluated for acute skin irritancy involving animal study. Our observations on rabbit skin indicated that these formulations did not produce any skin irritation and enhance the skin structure. For stability study, all creams formulated had shown no changes in pH, colour and phase separation. Using keratin as an active ingredient in biomedical products will not only provide benefits to consumers – it will also encourage responsible waste management and sustainable commercial activities

Modeling and optimization of pilot-scale subcritical water extraction on Zingiber zerumbet by central composite design

Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) or locally called 'lempoyang' is one of the ginger species extensively cultivated and utilized in the Southeast Asia region. In order to extract valuable ingredients from Z. zerumbet, a green and non-toxic extraction process is implemented namely subcritical water extraction (SWE). Modeling and optimization of SWE of Z. zerumbet are performed using the central composite design (CCD) by 20 runs with 6 repetitions at the center point. The independent variables investigated in this research are temperature (130-170°C), time of extraction (20-40 minutes) and solid to solvent ratio (20-40 ml/g) that focused to identify the optimized process parameters for zerumbone concentration, antioxidant activity, and yield of extracts. All independent variables researched were analyzed to be significant as the p-value for zerumbone concentration, antioxidant activity and yield are 0.0001, which are less than 0.05 for a model to be significant. The optimum process parameters for all responses of Z. zerumbet extract are at 170°C, 20 minutes and 20 ml/g. This optimum condition was validated and the correlation between predicted and experimental values was within 95% which indicated the range of variables selected was valid. Thus, the outcome from this research may be beneficial on subcritical water extraction of ginger species especially Z. zerumbet