Toxicity of Selected Insecticides (Spinosad, Indoxacarb and Abamectin) Against the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) On Cabbage

Plutella xylostella L. is a most serious of insect pest for cruciferous or Brassica crops throughout the world. The common name of this insect pest is the Diamondback Moth (DBM). Plutella xylostella L. is an oligophagous insect which is feed on the group of botanically plants within the single plant family. This insect has become major serious problem to the crops because it easily and rapidly develops their resistance to insecticides. Insecticides were used to kill Plutella xylostella L. that contribute to minimize the level of infestation. Toxicity levels were measured by lethal concentration (LC50) to estimate the effectiveness of selected insecticides. A total of three selected insecticides namely spinosad, indoxacab and abamectin had been tested against Plutella xylostella L. The data of LC50 was analyzed using PROBIT program. The result from this study had been used to estimate the effective dose or quantity of each insecticide need for controlling Plutella xylostella L. Besides that, the most effectiveness between the tested insecticides were selected for managing Plutella xylostella L. Results from this study shows that indoxacarb were most effective and toxic to control Plutella xylostella L. compared with spinosad and abamectin because it gave lower LC50 value (1010.080). In term of concentration, indoxacarb (1125 μl/5000 ml) and spinosad (2750 μl/5000 ml) was the effective concentrations for controlling Plutella xylostella L. by mortality rate more than 50%, 60% and 80% respectively

Ecological Interaction Between Insect Pests, Climatic Factors and Plant Traits on Abundance of Beneficial Insects in Paddy Field

The presences of beneficial insects in the paddy field are very important for the ecological systems of paddy field as those insects could help managing the population of the pests. Hence, it will reduce the dependence on pesticides usage to combat the population of insect pests. This study was aimed to study on ecological interaction between environmental factors such as insect pests, plant height, rainfall, temperature and humidity with abundance of beneficial insects in paddy field of Sungai Burong, Tanjung Karang, Selangor for two seasons of paddy planting. Low number of insects composition were recorded in paddy field at Sungai Burong during the vegetative phase and highest during the reproductive and maturity phases for two seasons of paddy planting. The trend of mean composition of insects were gradually increasing from vegetative to maturity phases while, the ecological interaction between insect pests, climatic factors and plant traits were acceptable as good predictor for all beneficial insects collected in this study namely Zygoptera, Gerridae, Coccinellidae and Staphylinidae except for Anisoptera. Therefore, consideration on several stated factors by maintaining or conserving ecology and controlling practices in good manner in paddy field has high potential and more reliable to control insect pests effectively using beneficial insects

Ecological Interaction Between Insect Pests, Climatic Factors and Plant Traits on Abundance of Beneficial Insects in Paddy Field

The presences of beneficial insects in the paddy field are very important for the ecological systems of paddy field as those insects could help managing the population of the pests. Hence, it will reduce the dependence on pesticides usage to combat the population of insect pests. This study was aimed to study on ecological interaction between environmental factors such as insect pests, plant height, rainfall, temperature and humidity with abundance of beneficial insects in paddy field of Sungai Burong, Tanjung Karang, Selangor for two seasons of paddy planting. Low number of insects composition were recorded in paddy field at Sungai Burong during the vegetative phase and highest during the reproductive and maturity phases for two seasons of paddy planting. The trend of mean composition of insects were gradually increasing from vegetative to maturity phases while, the ecological interaction between insect pests, climatic factors and plant traits were acceptable as good predictor for all beneficial insects collected in this study namely Zygoptera, Gerridae, Coccinellidae and Staphylinidae except for Anisoptera. Therefore, consideration on several stated factors by maintaining or conserving ecology and controlling practices in good manner in paddy field has high potential and more reliable to control insect pests effectively using beneficial insects

Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Keniam River, National Park, Pahang, Malaysia

The study on biodiversity of aquatic insects was carried out covering the area of Kuala Keniam to Kuala Perkai River, National Park, Pahang, Malaysia. The macro invertebrate community was found in the different types of micro-habitat and various flowing speed levels in good quality of water of Keniam Rivers consisted mainly of aquatic insects. There are large numbers and wide species of aquatic insects in aquatic habitats make them of great ecological importance. There are three divided strata with total of nine sampling location were carried out within several varieties of microhabitats such as sandy, cobble, gravel, leaf and the pool area. The aquatic insects were collected and sampled by using a D-framed aquatic kick net. There was a wide variety of aquatic insects belonging to at least 8 orders in the study area. The orders of insect were Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Thysanura, Orthopthera, Hemiptera and Ephemeroptera. Throughout the study period, there is range from total of 140 to 604 individuals of aquatic insect trapped monthly and collected in Keniam River from September 2009 to December 2010. Some group of aquatic insects were found significant (χ2<0.05) different abundance between strata and sampling dates as well as habitat on the diversity of aquatic insects in Keniam River. The abundance and distribution of aquatic insects‟ species were varied and not constant from one month to another during the study period due to biotic and abiotic factors. Species diversity of aquatic insects varied in different strata of the Keniam River. This indicates the richness and diverse groups of aquatic insects in the study area. It adds to the fact that the undisturbed habitat quality is most suitable for insects to breed and multiply under the natural ecosystem with abundant food supply. Moving upstream from Kuala Perkai to lower stream to Kuala Keniam, one can observe various types of habitats for aquatic insects to live

The Effective Application Time to Spray Bacillus Thuringiensis Subspecies Kurstaki for Managing Bagworm, Metisa Plana Walker on Oil Palm

This study was conducted to determine the suitable time to apply the Bacillus thuringiensis sub species kurstaki against the larvae of the Metisa plana oil palm. The aim of this study is to search for the most economical method for using the B. thuringiensis sub species kurstaki. Owing to that matter, the larvae was sprayed at three different times, 0800, 1200, and1600, with 0.68ml of the B. thuringiensis sub species kurstaki product Dipel ES®/200 ml of water, under fully netted, rain sheltered conditions. Results showed the effectiveness of the B. thuringiensis sub species kurstaki in the control of bagworm, with more than 90% larvae mortality in three days after treatment. However there are no significant different in mortality rate and duration killing time for M. plana larvae on these three application times

Field Evaluation of Some Insecticides on Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and Predator (Macrolophus caliginosus) on Brinjal and Tomato Plants

The effect treatments with the recommended application rates of avermectin, buprofezin, white oil, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyromazine on Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) was evaluated. Pesticides were applied against larvae infesting brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants in a natural environment of the Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. We also examined whether these pesticides affect the whitefly predator, Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae). Tested pesticides significantly reduced the larval populations of the whitefly and affect throughout the survey period. Similar effects were observed on the predator except for the white oil. Avermectin was the most effective insecticide against the population of T. vaporariorum. However, it was highly toxic to the predator, M. caliginosus. Considering relatively low mammalian toxicity of buprofezin and white oil, these two insecticides were more suitable for controlling whiteflies, particularly during fruiting period. Proper selection of effective pesticides against the pest, but less harmful to natural enemies and also good timing of their applications are essential in formulating an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme for whiteflies

Susceptibility and Resistant of Difference Host Varieties of Oil Palm and Coconut Palm Towards Pest, Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros)

In the current study, population dynamics of males, females, and total males and females of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), namely, DXP PPNJ 1 and DXP PPNJ 2, was evaluated in different host varieties of oil palms and coconut palms of Ladang Penyelidikan Segamat in Johor State of Malaysia. Ethyl 4-methyloctanote had been used as a pheromone aggregation in this study. The results clearly indicated that population dynamics of Oryctes Rhinoceros (total male and female) in oil palms and coconut palms has significant difference within the whole sampling period. Based on cumulative Oryctes Rhinoceros caught, varieties of DXP PPNJ 1 and DXP PPNJ 2 had significant effects on its male and female population. MYD inclined more towards the population of Oryctes Rhinoceros male, female and total male and female, giving more impacts, when ccompared with MRD and Tagnanan. Both crops of same species/family were not recommended for planting in that area, because it facees similar problems of direct Oryctes Rhinoceros attacks, obviously affecting the yield. Therefore, MRD and Tagnanan, considered to be a cross-variety, had been recommended to farmers. Instead of having higher yields, farmers have lesser chances of severe attacks by Oryctes Rhinoceros, within the same time period

Susceptibility and Resistant of Difference Host Varieties of Oil Palm and Coconut Palm Towards Pest, Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros)

In the current study, population dynamics of males, females, and total males and females of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), namely, DXP PPNJ 1 and DXP PPNJ 2, was evaluated in different host varieties of oil palms and coconut palms of Ladang Penyelidikan Segamat in Johor State of Malaysia. Ethyl 4-methyloctanote had been used as a pheromone aggregation in this study. The results clearly indicated that population dynamics of Oryctes Rhinoceros (total male and female) in oil palms and coconut palms has significant difference within the whole sampling period. Based on cumulative Oryctes Rhinoceros caught, varieties of DXP PPNJ 1 and DXP PPNJ 2 had significant effects on its male and female population. MYD inclined more towards the population of Oryctes Rhinoceros male, female and total male and female, giving more impacts, when ccompared with MRD and Tagnanan. Both crops of same species/family were not recommended for planting in that area, because it facees similar problems of direct Oryctes Rhinoceros attacks, obviously affecting the yield. Therefore, MRD and Tagnanan, considered to be a cross-variety, had been recommended to farmers. Instead of having higher yields, farmers have lesser chances of severe attacks by Oryctes Rhinoceros, within the same time period

An Evaluation of Mortality of Sitophilus Oryzae Treated with Selected Insecticides Via Filter Paper and Food Impregnated Method

Laboratory bioassay were conducted at University Putra Malaysia in order to evaluate the toxicity and the antifeedant activity of five insecticides which is Cypermethrin, Malathion, Prevathon, Rotenone and also Spinosad against the adult of S.oryzae by using the filter paper impregnation and food impregnation method for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Rotenone found to be effectives in toxicity via filter paper impregnation method based on the LC50 values with 0.003% while the other was 0.04%, 0.017%, 0.106% and 1.109% were indicated Spinosad, Malathion, Cypermethrin and Prevathon. The less effective was Prevathon. Food impregnation method showed that the effective insecticides was Spinosad with LC50 values 0.001%. The lowest was Prevathon with LC50 values 5.776%. In addition, the other insecticides showed LC50 values was 0.003%, 0.05% and 0.875% which indicated Malathion, Cypermethrin and Rotenone. For the antifeedant activity via feeding deterrent index (FDI), it showed that, the lowest FDI was Spinosad with 0.535% while the highest was Rotenone with 1.756%. The other showed 0.63%, 0.869% and 0.949% indicated Malathion, Cypermethrin and Prevathon respectively. As conclusion, most effective insecticides against adult of S.oryzae was Spinosad because able to control the insect at the prepared concentration in both method

An Evaluation of Mortality of Sitophilus Oryzae Treated with Selected Insecticides Via Filter Paper and Food Impregnated Method

Laboratory bioassay were conducted at University Putra Malaysia in order to evaluate the toxicity and the antifeedant activity of five insecticides which is Cypermethrin, Malathion, Prevathon, Rotenone and also Spinosad against the adult of S.oryzae by using the filter paper impregnation and food impregnation method for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Rotenone found to be effectives in toxicity via filter paper impregnation method based on the LC50 values with 0.003% while the other was 0.04%, 0.017%, 0.106% and 1.109% were indicated Spinosad, Malathion, Cypermethrin and Prevathon. The less effective was Prevathon. Food impregnation method showed that the effective insecticides was Spinosad with LC50 values 0.001%. The lowest was Prevathon with LC50 values 5.776%. In addition, the other insecticides showed LC50 values was 0.003%, 0.05% and 0.875% which indicated Malathion, Cypermethrin and Rotenone. For the antifeedant activity via feeding deterrent index (FDI), it showed that, the lowest FDI was Spinosad with 0.535% while the highest was Rotenone with 1.756%. The other showed 0.63%, 0.869% and 0.949% indicated Malathion, Cypermethrin and Prevathon respectively. As conclusion, most effective insecticides against adult of S.oryzae was Spinosad because able to control the insect at the prepared concentration in both method