PCA in two dimensions of 12 <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> isolates created using MPP.

12 S isolates (4 isolates x 3 triplicate = 12); dark green color squares, 12 B isolates (4 isolates x 3 triplicate = 12); blue color squares, and 12 R isolates (4 isolates x 3 triplicate = 12) red color squares. H. pylori isolates formed distinct clusters based on metabolites acquired in positive ionization mode using components 1 (71.87%) and 2 (12.2%).</p

The regulation of metabolites that correlate with bacterial survival and may constitute a potential antibiotic mechanism.

The regulation of metabolites that correlate with bacterial survival and may constitute a potential antibiotic mechanism.</p

The regulation of metabolites across S, B, and R isolates.

A) The metabolites were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, FC < -2) in R isolates against B and S isolates, however there were no significant difference between those metabolites in B and S isolates. B) The metabolites were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, FC < -2) in B and R isolates against S, however, there were no significant difference between those metabolites in B and R isolates. C) The metabolites were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, FC < -2) in R isolates against B and S isolates, and significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, FC < -2) in B isolates against S isolates.</p

Pathway analysis of B isolates against S isolates.

A) The up-regulated metabolites which were mapped to the metabolic pathways in the KEGG database. B) The down-regulated metabolites which were mapped to the metabolic pathways in the KEGG database. (TIF)</p

The regulation of metabolites across S, B, and R isolates.

A) The metabolites were significantly upregulated (p 2) in R isolates against B and S isolates, and significantly upregulated (p 2) in B isolates against S isolates. B) 171 metabolites (S1 Table) were significantly upregulated (p 2) in R isolates against B and S isolates, however there were no significant difference between those metabolites in B and S isolates.</p

The metabolic pathways analyzed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0 among up-regulated metabolites.

The metabolic pathways analyzed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0 among up-regulated metabolites.</p

The regulations of the compounds expressed by S, B, and R <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> isolates.

The regulations of the compounds expressed by S, B, and R Helicobacter pylori isolates.</p

Heat map and clustering presenting the significant metabolome profiles of the 12 individual (S, B, and R) <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> isolates based on identified metabolites.

The heat maps and clustering based on Euclidean distance were generated using MetaboAnalyst version 5. The metabolites regulation was significant with p <0.05 and fold change of 2 as a cutoff.</p

Pathway analysis of R isolates against B isolates.

A) The up-regulated metabolites which were mapped to the metabolic pathways in the KEGG database. B) The down-regulated metabolites which were mapped to the metabolic pathways in the KEGG database. (TIF)</p

Fold change of B and R compared to the parental S isolate.

Fold change of B and R compared to the parental S isolate.</p