Extraction of biological hydroxyapatite from tuna fish bone for biomedical applications

Natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) is known for its common use in biomedical applications including in orthopaedic and implantation. HAp can be extracted from natural resources such as eggshells, fish bones and coral. Annually, it is found that huge amount of tuna fish bones was thrown away and being wasted as results from great consumption of tuna fish. In this study, tuna fish bones were extracted and characterised to be used in biomedical applications. Specifically, tuna fish bones were cleaned, and calcined at high temperature of 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C. Powders calcined at 700 °C showed pure HAp compared to powders calcined at 900 °C and 1100 °C which showed the presence of β-TCP. As temperature rising, the morphology of the powders also changes from spherical-shaped to irregular-shaped indicated the substitution of phosphate and calcium from the β-TCP which also influenced the ratio of Ca/P obtained. In this study, powders calcined at 700 °C obtained optimum Ca/P ratio of 1.60. Moreover, EDS analysis showed the presence of tracer elements such as Ca, Mg, Sr Na, K and Zn in all calcined samples. These elements can help improve the biocompatibility of the HAp and beneficial for biomedical applications

An updated review on surface functionalisation of titanium and its alloys for implants applications

Deposition of bioactive and degradable coatings on titanium implants before implantation is objectively to create a biologically-inspired surface that can enhance cell anchorage at the initial stage of implantation and facilitate osseointegration at the later stage of implantation. Therefore, this review paper is aim to discuss the surface functionality of titanium and its alloys regarding its physical structure, chemical composition and biological reaction through its deposited coatings of the altered surface. This review begins by explaining the working fundamentals of biomaterials and present methods used to adjust the titanium surface for biomedical applications, followed by the concept of biocompatibility of the coated surfaces of the titanium-based implant and the mechanism for adapting the affected surface to its bioimplanted environments. The paper also discusses the possible challenges of biocompatibility of the bioactive coating on titanium for implants. Intriguingly, the usability of 3D-printing technology as an implant surface modification technique is addressed in this recent study. In addition to the existing review papers on the surface modification of titanium-based implants, this current review contributes to the outline concept of biocompatible coated titanium. Herein, the outlined principle focused on the osseointegration mechanisms within coated titanium to its implanted environment, most of which are based on recent findings and are further adopted by today’s influential literature on titanium surface modification and its alloys