TRIZ Inventive Solution in Solving Water Pipeline Leakage Using Accelerometer Sensor

To a developing country, sustaining a consistent water supply for industrial and domestic usages is a great challenge. In Malaysia, this can be demonstrated by the alarming rate of the Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is >30% and this is greater than the recommended NRW by the World Bank. Therefore, this paper highlights several causes that lead to this and determines the primary cause, which is water pipeline leakage. The Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch (TRIZ), a problem-solving tool is employed to study the potential solutions. Then, the water system testbed is developed to examine the performance of the proposed solution

A review of vibration detection methods using accelerometer sensors for water pipeline leakage

Water pipeline leakage detection is still an important issue, particularly for the development of smart cities. Thus, this paper reviews water pipeline leakage detection techniques, which can be classified into three different categories, namely software-based, hardware-based and conventional methods. We compare the advantages and disadvantage for all methods in the groups and thoroughly discuss the hardware-based method, which is our focus. Specifications on water pipeline testbeds used in previous works are also highlighted. Since many recent techniques are based on accelerometer or vibration sensors, a comparative study that includes the cost and accuracy in identifying the pipeline leaks is presented. The theoretical computation of the vibration induced from our water pipeline testbed is also demonstrated and compared with the actual vibration data collected from experimental works using three different sensors, namely, MPU6050, MMA7361 and ADXL335

Hybrid energy harvester using optimised piezoelectric and solar power for self-powered global positioning tracking system

The rapid advancement of Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs) in conjunction with the Global Positioning System (GPS) tracker has resulted in various applications, including health monitoring, industrial process monitoring, and security system monitoring. However, a significant problem of the GPS device is short tracking and positioning due to high power consumption. This study develops a Self-Power Global Positioning System (SP-GPS) for tracking objects powered by hybrid energy harvesting sources, piezoelectric and solar. First, the Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE) method is used to optimise the design of the piezoelectric energy harvester based on ruler and cylinder designs. Then, the piezoelectric is combined with solar to create the hybrid Power Management Unit (PMU) for the sustainability of the SP-GPS Tracker device. Finally, to develop the SP-GPS tracking system, the SP-GPS tracker is integrated with SP-GPS Base Station. The results demonstrated that the optimum design for a ruler-based piezoelectric generator is five centimetres and a mass of two grams. Meanwhile, the optimum design for a cylindrical shape of piezoelectric is the glass ball-bearing material with a mass of five grams, and the height between the ballbearing and casing surfaces is five millimetres. Based on the field experiments around the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia campus by motorcycle and a car with a distance of 1.74 km and average speed from 11.8 to 24.1 kmh, the total energy generated by hybrid energy harvester of piezoelectric design is a cylinder (glass), 6.07 kWh and ruler, 2.85 kWh, respectively. On the other hand, the piezoelectric cylinder design achieved higher total energy of 6.26 kWh and 2.96 kWh. The reason is that the latter design can induce considerable vibration with the impact of the heavy mass glass ball-bearing on the cylinder surface. The estimated life span of SP-GPS Tracker is computed and found can be up to approximately two years and three months for a motorcycle and one year and five months for a car. Therefore, the current study benefits long-term tracking and monitoring, such as wild animals or vehicles, in observing their pattern movement

TRIZ inventive solution in solving water pipeline leakage using accelerometer sensor

To a developing country, sustaining a consistent water supply for industrial and domestic usages is a great challenge. In Malaysia, this can be demonstrated by the alarming rate of the Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is >30% and this is greater than the recommended NRW by the World Bank. Therefore, this paper highlights several causes that lead to this and determines the primary cause, which is water pipeline leakage. The Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch (TRIZ), a problem-solving tool is employed to study the potential solutions. Then, the water system testbed is developed to examine the performance of the proposed solution

Analysis and procedures for water pipeline leakage using three-axis accelerometer sensors: ADXL335 and MMA7361

Previous studies have proposed vibration of the water pipeline using accelerometer sensors as a mechanism to detect leaks. Nevertheless, they only relied on a single x-Axis data, no single study investigates all the axes of the sensors. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate a vibration technique to detect leakage on plastic water pipeline using wireless accelerometer sensors, namely, 6DOF accelerometer sensor (i.e., MPU6050) and breakout accelerometer sensors (i.e., ADXL335 and MMA7361) across the x-, y-, and z-Axis. A 25-mm diameter of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe with a length of approximately 10 m was developed as the water pipeline testbed. All of the accelerometer sensors measured the vibration on the water pipeline across the x-, y-, and z-Axis, over ZigBee networks. The vibration signals were then compared between the three sensors and analyzed by extracting the signal features in time and frequency domains. The sensors were examined based on three different cases, which are no pipe leakage, a 1-mm leak, and a 3-mm leak. All three sensors demonstrated a signi-cant difference between no leak and leak conditions when the water pressure is in the range of 0.6-1.2 kgf =cm2 for both time and frequency domains. For different leak size cases, ADXL335 can distinguish the 1-mm and 3-mm holes from the three-Axis data. On the contrary, MPU6050 can identify similar leak size cases only from the y-and z-Axis data. Overall, ADXL335 has the best performance compared with MPU6050 and MMA7361 in detecting water pipeline leakage, which includes the sizes of the leaks. Based on the empirical results, this paper -nally proposes a procedure analysis for each sensor on improving the accuracy of water pipeline leakage detection

Taguchi optimisation of piezoelectric design for hybrid energy harvesting of GPS tracker device

Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) of Global Positioning System (GPS) has a disadvantage in terms of high-power consumption. Energy harvesting is a technique that collects unused light, kinetic, thermal, mechanical, chemical, wind, acoustic and hybrid, and then converts them into usable electrical energy. The main objective of the current work is to explore an energy harvesting system using piezoelectric and solar energy harvesters for a sustainable hybrid GPS sensor tracker. The Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum design of the piezoelectric transducer. The output of the piezoelectric harvester was measured by vibration (time), while solar power harvesting depended on light sensitivity (lux). The Self-Powered GPS device (SP-Tracker), was tested in the laboratory as well as at the site. The results showed that the piezoelectric energy harvesting system that analysed using the DOE Taguchi method, reflected the measurements of voltage and optimum power outputs. The optimum piezoelectric device design obtained is 3 cm and 1 g for distance and weight, respectively, with a maximum power output of 217 mW. On the other hand, the ideal size and weight of a piezoelectric device are 3 cm and 1 g. Between 108.7 and 312 mW of electricity will be generated by the hybrid energy harvesting device for both purposes. The following effort will be directed toward creating and constructing low-power Lora sensor nodes

A review of energy harvesting in localization for wireless sensor node tracking

The localisation and positioning in Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) are prone to tracking loss because of battery depletion resulted from high power consumption. Considering this, Energy Harvesting (EH) is a significant factor to ensure the sustainability of WSN trackers. Therefore, the key objective of the paper is to review the existing EH approaches, specifically for WSN trackers. An overview of WSNs including the underlying wireless communication technologies is initially presented. We compared the communication range, data rates, power consumption and also the cost across wireless technologies used for WSN. This paper further discussed the localisation and positioning techniques using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and other types of sensors exploiting signal parameters like Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Angle of Arrival (AoA). Subsequently, we reviewed the energy harvesting approaches in terms of power density, efficiency and also highlighted their advantages and disadvantages. The EH components such as energy storage and energy-combining circuit for active monitoring are presented as well. Finally, this paper outlined the key challenges and future regards EH for WSN