Strategi Pengurusan Konflik Berdasarkan Demokrasi Permuafakatan di Malaysia: Kajian Kes Barisan Nasional

Malaysia is known for its success in keeping her multiracial society well and this has impinged upon its political stability. The ultimate strength of BN, 13 race and non-race political parties which have been the unrivalled components of Malaysian government ruling for more than 50 years caught the attention of many researchers. Based on the facts. this study aims to see and identify conflict management style practised by BN with regard to distribution of seats and candidate selection for general election with a special focus in Perlis. Perak and Selangor. It is interesting to note how complete the BN won every general election that could come to form and lead the Malaysian Government to this day. This study also seeks to see and identify elements of demand and political bargaining process, not only from the point of distribution and selection of candidates for seats among BIV component parties but also to process requests and bargaining among races. This study also aims to look at the factors which lead to decision making process as to distribution of seats and selection of candidates and the relationship between racial conflicts. Meanwhile, in the face of elections and managing ethnic diversity, BN encounters multiple challenges which risk both the party's and even worse, the country's stability. This factor also becomes the essence of this study. Finally, this study aims to look into and identify the ritual of Consociational Democracy in Malaysia in common with the elite accommodation in BN. By employing qualitative instrument as the main method for elite interviews, this study identified and selected 44 respondents in the BN leadership in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Findings of this study have shown that BN practises all five styles of conflict management namely, Compromise, Accommodation, Collaboration, Competition and Avoidance. However, the most popular styles practised are Compromise, Accommodation and Collaboration. This study also found the existence of political demanding and bargaining among races which resulted political conflict left BN in lameness. Results of this study also have indicated that BN has stumbled over various challenges which include the ones faced by the Prime Minister or the Chairperson of the party apart from the intra and inter-party conflicts. Moreover, the findings of the study discovered that Malaysia practises Consociational Democracy but under par. As to the four core elements of Consociational Democracy, Autonomous Segments is in its medium level, the practice of the Grand Coalition and Proportional Representation in its lower level while the practice of Mutual Veto does not exist. Research findings have found that political accommodation occurs among BN elites with regard to election, racial relations and also in terms of administering the party and country, but it is in the middle level though

Investigation of local velocities and phase holdups, and flow regimes and maldistribution identification in a trickle bed reactor

Trickle bed reactors are packed beds of catalyst on which gas and liquid reactants flow concurrently downward. In this work, the experimental work was carried out in 0.14 m diameter Plexiglas column using air-water system flowing over a packed bed of 3 mm glass bead particles. The local liquid and gas velocities, phase saturation and their time series have been investigated for the first time by developing, validating, and implementing a new two-tip optical fiber probe technique. It was found the radially and axially the liquid and gas velocities and their saturation vary and they also vary with times. In various locations, due to non-uniform distribution of the flowing phases, there are windows of time where the gas phase does not pass through that location where the optical fiber probe was put at. The non-invasive gamma-ray densitometry (GRD) technique has been implemented for the first time in trickle bed reactor as in online monitoring technique to identify flow regime, gross maldistribution and liquid distribution. The GRD technique was able to identify trickle and pulse flow regime and their transition. The findings have been consistent with what have been reported in the literature. The measurement of these techniques was conducted at various axial and radial positions with the superficial liquid velocity varies in the range 0.004 - 0.016 m/s and the superficial gas velocity varies in the range of 0.03-0.27 m/s covering trickling and pulsing flow regime. The results obtained confirm that these techniques can be used with fidelity for measurements and the studies mentioned above and can be employed in various sizes of reactor operated at industrial conditions including harsh conditions of corrosion materials, high pressure, and high temperatures --Abstract, page iv

Gaya Pengurusan Konflik di Kalangan Penolong Pegawai Daerah di Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan

This study is aimed at looking into the manner of management conflict among the Assistant District Officers in the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan. Research was carried out to determine the relationship between the different style or manner of management conflict among these groups and demographic aspects (age, work experience and intervals of meetings and interactions with the customer) as well as the aspect of personality. This study has selected the model of M.A. Rahim (1985) as the model of the style of management conflict from the point of Intergrating, Obliging/Smoothing, Forcing/Dominating, Avoiding and Compromising. On a temporary note the Personality is measured based on The Big Five Personality Dimension that is Extroversion, Conscientiouness, Neuroticism, Agreebleness and Openess to Experience. The source of this data was obtained by way of Questionaire Forms sent to 59 respondents( Assistant District Officers) throughout the whole of Perak. From this study, the style of management conflict is dependant variable whereas the personality is independant variable. The analysis of this data and hypothetical study that was carried through statistical description and the Spearman Correlative Analysis. The study concluded that personality factor has a significant bearing with the style of management conflict. In this matter, these respondents have placed the Intergrating in the first place followed by Obliging/Smoothing, Compromising, Avoiding and Forcing/ Dominating. The result of this study has shown that the number of respondents who have an Extrovert Personality factor are at the top of the list followed by those who are Conscientiouness, Openess to Experience, Agree bleness and Nueroticism

The Use of Deliberative Democracy in Public Policy Making Process

This paper intends to highlight the intensity of the use of deliberative democracy in the policy making process. It assists policy makers to understand the significance of deliberative democracy and the preliminary conditions to conduct effective and successful deliberation for the purpose of producing best quality decisions.  This paper stressed the relationship between deliberation and citizen's satisfaction of government decisions. It indicated that deliberative democracy helps citizens to directly influence on the quality of the decision and better represent their preferences by proposing their agenda and views on policy alternatives and issues. Deliberative democracy is a technique that stabilizes citizens' interests by diminishing domination, despotism, and better assessing public choices. This paper found that deliberation legitimizes government decisions and maximizes the outcome of the policies. This article defined several advantages of deliberative democracy in the public policy making process which pursues equality, mutual interest; reason based discussion, public goods, the decision focused and agreement on disputed preferences.  It also concluded that deliberative democracy facilitates free and fair participation and creating opportunity for discussion and information sharing between participants prior to the implementation process of government policies. Keywords: Public deliberation, deliberative democracy, public participation, decision making, public polic

Examining Ligphart’s Favorable Conditions for Consociational Democracy in Nigeria

The examination of favorable factors for establishing and maintaining consociational democracy is essential in order to assess the probability that consociational model will be successful in diverse societies. However, previous studies on Nigeria have not adequately dealt with these factors. So, attempt has been made on this paper to examine the absence or presence of those favorable factors for consociationalism in Nigeria. It was revealed that the country scored about 67% in these factors. So, the assessment of favorable factors appears to suggest that consociationalism could be realistic choice for Nigeria in managing its diversity. Keywords: Favorable factors, Consociational democracy, Heterogeneous society, Federal Character, Nigeri

The Prospect of Proportional Representation of States: A Study of the Nigerian Defence Academy

Nigeria is country with 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) with an unequal population among them. However, the same numbers of slots are allocated to the state in all public institutions without any regard to population sizes of the states. This system creates a feeling of marginalization and domination especially from the states with larger population who are left with higher number of unemployed due to this system of allocation to the states. With such feelings, it became imperative to find out if there is justice in the treatment of un-equals equally by allocating the same number of slots to all the states regardless of population density? The objective is to suggest on a more equitable formula for the allocation of slots to all the states and the FCT. To achieve this objective, a one-on-one semi-structured interview was conducted on 15 respondents who are critical to the research area. The findings have revealed that proportional representation of states where by the actual population size of each state will determine the number of slots allocated to that state is appealing and also has the capacity to alleviate if not eliminate the feelings of marginalization and domination expressed across the country. Keywords: Consociational democracy, proportional representation, federal character principle, marginalization, domination

The reforms of budgeting system in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to analyze the reformation of Malaysian budgeting system, specifically in the context of Malaysian federal agencies.Budget deficit in Malaysian economy has long been subjected to criticism for, among others, inefficiency, ineffectiveness accountability and poor performance.These issues have paved the way for budget reforms and reorganizations seeking to address the weaknesses and enhance the efficiency and performance of budgeting.This study can be regarded as the first attempt to explore the reformation of budgetary system in Malaysian government.The improvement of the budgeting performance is important in order to provide further impetus to the national agenda of socio-economic development, dynamic socio-economic environment, nation-building, globalization, competitiveness and the enabling mechanisms

Organisasi, institusi, dan peraturan perancangan perumahan

Artikel ini meringkaskan sistem organisasi, institusi dan peraturan bersabit dengan perancangan dan pembinaan perumahan di Malaysia. Beberapa peringkat iaitu peringkat kerajaan persekutuan, kerajaan negeri dan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) yang terlibat dalam industrI perumahan DI Malaysia diringkaskan dalam bab ini. Ketiga tiga peringkat tersebut adalah seperti dalam rajah 5.1 yang menunjukkan hubungkait antara satu sama lain.Akta dan peraturan yang relevan di kesemua peringkat diulaskan.Kelemahan dan kekuatan sesuatu sistem yang dijelaskan akan membantu pembaca memahami dan mengerti keadaan sistem sedia ada serta upaya membantu memperbaiki keadaan dan kedudukkan sistem ini

The degree of openness in Turkey’s public expenditure

Openness has become an important method in public financial management and governing system.The governments that seeking to be accountable towards their citizens needs to promote their system through transparency and public participation. The governing system in Turkey under the rule of AKP has significantly changed in the last decade particularly in public financial management.This paper aims to evaluate the extent of Turkish government openness in public expenditure.It also intends to study the influence of civic society organizations and governing bodies that representing public in auditing government spending.The study found that Turkey was not successful in promoting transparency and public participation in government spending and little evidence has found to indicate major changes in Military expenditure.Therefore, some works has been done to promote current system in order to make it more open, but the way is still far to achieve complete transparency.This paper also highlighted significant role of civic society and government auditing bodies in preventing opacity and corruption and become a watchdog on the government spending