Determination of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Gynura Procumbens Using Bioassay–Guided Fractionation

This study aims to investigate the antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic properties of Malaysian herb, Gynura procumbens (Sambung nyawa). Bioassay guided fractionation has been carried out to identify the bioactive crude fraction responsible for antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens. Both in vitro and in vivo model study were used to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of this plant. In vitro insulin secretion study, glucose uptake study and cytotoxicity were used as primary assay on crude methanolic extract, hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that crude methanolic extract have the lowest cytotoxicity when compared with crude fractions Gynura procumbens in BRIN BD11 cell lines. Cytotoxicity study with adipocytes and muscle cell lines showed that the crude methanolic extract of Gynura procumbens have the lowest toxicity when compared with the crude fractions of the plant. Determination of insulin secretion response was done by using BRIN BD11 cell lines and from the result, it showed that crude hexane and ethyl acetate crude fractions have good potential in stimulation of insulin release. Glucose uptake study with adipocytes cell lines (3T3 mouse adipocytes cell lines) indicated that this plant has the dose dependent manner and Gynura procumbens crude hexane fraction indicated the highest activity on stimulating glucose uptake. Effect of crude methanolic extract and crude fractions in the presence of insulin showed moderate glucose uptake activity when compared with Gynura procumbens crude extract/ fractions alone. Glucose uptake study with a mouse L6 muscle cell lines indicated that Gynura procumbens crude methanolic extract has highest reading from all of the crude extracts. When comparing the crude extract and fractions with insulin, all of the results showed moderate glucose uptake activity and thus expressed that this plant has dose dependent manner. Further study was done with Type 1 and Type 2 model diabetic rats. It shows that crude methanolic extract of Gynura procumbens have hypoglyceamic activity on both models. This result was further investigated with gut perfusion study using crude methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Gynura procumbens and showed positive result by delaying glucose absorption in the rat intestine.Further investigation was done with ethyl acetate fraction that showed potential activity from In vitro and In vivo study. Identification of compounds by using reverse phase HPLC showed some promising peaks of interesting compounds. Isolation and purification was carried on by using various chromatography techniques such as normal chromatography and gel filtration Sephadex LH-20. Two compounds from isolated from ethyl acetate fraction were mix of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and kaemferol-3-O- glucoside

The effect justicia gendarussa ethanolic extract enhance bone matrix deposition in in vitro study

Justicia gendarussa (Acanthaceae) or commonly known as Gendarussa has traditionally been used to treat bone fractures. Bone fracture is a clinical condition that need bone repair and new bone formation. To date, the mechanism of Justicia gendarussa acting in enhancing the bone mineralization has not been proven scientifically. The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on osteoblast cells when treated with Justicia gendarussa ethanolic leaves extract. For cell viability, the result showed that IC50 value of the osteoblast cells was 89.1µg/ml. While, ALP assay is used as a biochemical marker for early detection of osteoblast mineralization. The highest amount of ALP activity was at the 37.5 µg/ml when compared to the control. From this study, it shows that Justicia gendarussa has potential in enhancing bone mineralization during the bone repair process

Effect of Manihot esculenta aqueous extract and therapeutic ultrasound in accelerating the wound healing process in vitro

The aim of this research is to investigate the wound healing process in in vitro by combining the Manihot esculenta aqueous extract and therapeutic ultrasound. Firstly, the optimization seeding densities of HSF cell 1184 in six-well plate, and then followed by the scratch assay experiment. The scratched that made was treated with the remedial treatments (Manihot esculenta aqueous extract only; ascorbic acid+ therapeutic ultrasound; Manihot esculenta aqueous extract+ ascorbic acid; Manihot esculenta aqueous extract+ therapeutic ultrasound and also the combination of these three materials). The rate of wound closure was observed and analysed at a time interval of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 h by using image J software. Then, the cells viability were analysed using the MTT assay. The result showed that Manihot esculenta aqueous extract coupled with specific dose therapeutic ultrasound represents a significantly high rate of wound closure at 96.10 % with the cell numbers at 5.44×105 cells/mL when compared to the other combination therapy. The finding of this study revealed that Manihot esculenta aqueous extract 200 μg/mL and the therapeutic ultrasound specific dose (3 MHz, 300 mWatt/cm2, 50% in 5 min) have the potential in accelerating wound healing process of cells in in vitro

The effect of laser irradiation on the viability of breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231

Laser phototherapy is used in the breast cancer clinical treatment, despite the limited safety information of laser irradiation effect on the cancer cell behavior. This study contributed on the development of guidelines for safer laser usage in treating breast cancer and minimizing the possibility of activating post-mastectomy lymphedema

Synthesis and antimicrobial test of heterocyclic chalcone containing oxygen

Chalcones (1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) which are belonging to flavanoid family is one of the classes of compounds which possess a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal agents and others1. It was reported that heterocyclic chalcone bearing heterocycles such as furan ring has also significant property acting as antibacterial and antifungal agent2. Due to this potential, a series of heterocyclic chalcones were synthesized by focusing on varying the aromatic ketone containing halogen groups as these groups as reported to have significant activities towards selected bacterial strains. The reaction between 5-methylfurfural (1) with aromatic ketone (2a-e, 4 and 6) have successfully furnished products in high yields by conventional Claisen-Schmidt condensation method in the presence of base at room temperature (Scheme 1). The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic method such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometer (MS). All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities

Optimisation of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentrations for production of biomass and phenolics from adventitious roots of Justicia Gendarussa

We investigated different concentrations of lBA to determine its effect on biomass increase and the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids in adventitious roots of Justiciu gendarussa. Leaf extracts were cultured in MS-based medium supplemented with different concentrations of lBA (2. 3 or 5 mgl." ). These roots were cultured under darkness in shake flasks for 5 weeks. Total phenolic and t1avonoids contents were determined using colorimetric method. Gallic acid and catechin were used as standards. Among the different concentrations of lBA. 2 mgl.' lEA was proven as the best concentration 1';1' adventitious roots biomass production (5.90 g of fresh weight (FW) and 0.53 g of dry weight (OW)). On contrary. 3 mgl," lBA induced higher phenolic and l1avonoid contents than other treatments ( 16.68 rug GAE/g OW and 10.72 mg CTE/g OW). The result indicates that. different lBA concentrations affects biomass and the accumulation of phenolics from adventitious root cultures of.J. gendarussu. Our finding revealed that. lEA was determined the most suitable aux in for adventitious root proliferation of.J. gendurussa . Therefore. the optimisation of auxin concentrations is beneficial to large scale production of biomass and secondary metabolites in 1. gendarussa

Cytotoxicity activities in local justicia gendarussa crude extracts against human cancer cell lines

The present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaf extracts from five different locations in Johor and also two standards flavonoids (naringenin and kaempferol) as these two compounds were detected in the chromatogram. In this study, leaf extracts and compounds were tested against various human cancer cell lines (HT-29, HeLa and BxPC-3) by using MTT assay. The results showed that methanolic leaf extracts from Mersing and kaempferol were very toxic against BxPC-3 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 16 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml, respectively. It is suggested that J. gendarussa leaf extracts from Mersing have potential cytotoxic activity on human cancer cell lines particularly BxPC-3 cell

Detection of naringenin and kaempferol in justicia gendarussa leaf extracts by GC-FID

Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaves extract from four different locations in Southern region of Malaysia and distribution of two flavonoids, naringenin and kaempferol in plant organs (young and mature leaves) were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. Naringenin and kaempferol contents were detected and quantified in leaves extract. The results indicated that mature leaves contained more naringenin and kaempferol compared to young leaves. The highest concentration of naringenin and kaempferol were recorded in mature leaves from Skudai and Muar regions which were 507.692 and 1226.964 mgkg-1, respectively. Data analysis showed that naringenin content was directly proportional to the amount of kaempferol in the leaf extracts. In conclusion, this study suggested geographical variation among plant samples and physiological stage of organ parts could contribute to variation in flavonoids concentration in a plant species

Hypoglycaemic properties of Malaysian cocoa (Theobroma cacao) polyphenols-rich extract

The objective of the study was to investigate the hypoglycaemic properties of Malaysian cocoa (Theobroma cacao) polyphenols extract in-vivo and insulin sensitivity in-vitro. Cocoa extract (CE) (containing 190-286 mg total polyphenol per gram extract) was prepared from fermented and roasted (140°C, 20 min) beans by extracting with 80% ethanol in the ratio of 1 to 10. For the in-vivo study, the CE was administered in three dosages (1%, 2%, and 3%) to groups of normal and diabetic rats for a period of 4 weeks by force-feeding. Results showed that dosages of 1% and 3% CE significantly reduced (p < 0.05) plasma glucose levels in the diabetic rats. An in-vitro study (BRIN-BD11 cell lines) was used to evaluate the effect of CE on insulin sensitivity. The results demonstrated that CE at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml significantly increased (p < 0.05) insulin level compared to the control. The results of this study showed that Malaysian cocoa polyphenol extract have the potential of being an insulin-mimetic agent. Further studies are on-going to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of polyphenols present in CE that contribute to the reduction of plasma glucose levels and insulin mimicking activity

Electrospun sodium alginate/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers for wound healing applications: Challenges and future directions

Alginate is an interesting natural biopolymer to be considered for biomedical applications due to its advantages and good biological properties. These biological properties make electrospun alginate nanofibers suitable for various uses in the biomedical field, such as wound healing dressings, drug delivery systems, or both. Unfortunately, the fabrication of alginate nanofibers by electrospinning is very challenging because of the high viscosity of the solution, high surface tension and rigidity in water due to hydrogen bonding, and also their diaxial linkages. This review presents an overview of the factors affecting the electrospinning process of sodium alginate/poly(ethylene oxide) (SA/PEO), the application of SA/PEO in drug delivery systems for wound healing applications, and the degradation and swelling properties of SA/PEO. The challenges and future directions of SA/PEO in the medical field are also discussed