Fracture union and complication following internal fixation of clavicle by plate and screw

Background: Among all long bones clavicle is the only bone placed horizontally and has membranous ossification. Clavicle fractures accounting for about 2.6% of total body fractures and 34% to 45% of total shoulder girdle injuries in adults. Most fractures occur in middle third of clavicle and common in young male patients. It has wide range of management from conservative to variant internal fixation. Each procedure has its own outcome and complications. We tried to find out the outcome and complications following internal fixation of clavicle with plate and screws.Methods: In a prospective study 50 patients of fracture mid shaft clavicle who were treated with plate and screw were followed for a period of two years. Only adults more than 18 years were included in the study. All patients were followed at 2nd post-operative day 5th post-operative day 14th post-operative day and at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 months. Only two parameters were observed i.e. union of fracture and post-operative complications.Results: Of all patients operated with plate and screw 48 patients had good radiological union by six months. Only two patients had non-union and one with implant failure at 12 months. Of complications one had stitch abscess and seven had hardware discomfort.Conclusions: Clavicle fracture in adults has multimodal treatment option. Though conservative management has good results it has high chance of mal-union and non-union. Operative fixation should be opted for adult individuals where chance of non-union is high. Plate and screw fixation has good results in terms of union with least complication.

Wear: A Serious Problem in Industry

Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical or chemical. The study of wear and related processes is known as tribology. Abrasive wear alone has been estimated to cost 1–4% of the gross national product of industrialized nations. The current chapter focuses on types of wear phenomena observed in the industries (such as abrasive wear, adhesive wear, fretting wear, fatigue wear, erosive wear and corrosive wear), their mechanisms, application of surface coating for the protection of the surface from the industrial wear, types of surface coatings, thermal spray coating, types of thermal spray coating and its application in industry to protect the surface from wear. The detail information about the wear phenomena will help the industries to minimize their maintenance cost of the parts

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton in Mahanadi estuary, east coast of India

184-190Seasonal variations of phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a along with its environmental variations including nutrients were studied from June-2004 to March-2007. Samples were collected in three different seasons pre-monsoon (May-June), post-monsoon (October-November) and summer (February-March) from the Mahanadi estuary. Seventy seven species of phytoplankton were encountered during the study period of which, diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) was the dominant group followed by dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) and cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae). Higher phytoplankton counts and chlorophyll-a concentrations were recorded in post-monsoon season. Nutrient concentration was also very high in the above season as compared to other two seasons. Cyanobacteria population was more during post-monsoon season. Positive correlations of phytoplankton, with chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen were recorded in all three sampling seasons. Positive correlation of phytoplankton population with Chl-a, DO, NO2-N, NH4-N indicated that the phytoplankton population in the estuary is controlled by above nutrients. Diatoms are dependent on NO2-N and NH4-N, dinoflagellates depend on NO2-N and SiO4. Cyanobacteria in the estuary depend on NO2-N, NH4 and PO4

Fracture union and complication following internal fixation of clavicle by plate and screw

Background: Among all long bones clavicle is the only bone placed horizontally and has membranous ossification. Clavicle fractures accounting for about 2.6% of total body fractures and 34% to 45% of total shoulder girdle injuries in adults. Most fractures occur in middle third of clavicle and common in young male patients. It has wide range of management from conservative to variant internal fixation. Each procedure has its own outcome and complications. We tried to find out the outcome and complications following internal fixation of clavicle with plate and screws.Methods: In a prospective study 50 patients of fracture mid shaft clavicle who were treated with plate and screw were followed for a period of two years. Only adults more than 18 years were included in the study. All patients were followed at 2nd post-operative day 5th post-operative day 14th post-operative day and at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 months. Only two parameters were observed i.e. union of fracture and post-operative complications.Results: Of all patients operated with plate and screw 48 patients had good radiological union by six months. Only two patients had non-union and one with implant failure at 12 months. Of complications one had stitch abscess and seven had hardware discomfort.Conclusions: Clavicle fracture in adults has multimodal treatment option. Though conservative management has good results it has high chance of mal-union and non-union. Operative fixation should be opted for adult individuals where chance of non-union is high. Plate and screw fixation has good results in terms of union with least complication.

Therapeutic health booster: seaweeds against several maladies

538-546Seaweeds (marine macro algae) are extremely important oceanic resource having unique secondary metabolites. They have the potential for supporting industrial development as being source of many essential substances such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements etc. Seaweeds offer a wide range of therapeutic possibilities was established only some decades ahead. Several pharmacologically important metabolites have been discovered from seaweeds in recent years, the exploitation of seaweeds for therapeutically active molecules is still in its embryonic stage. In order to harness the rich therapeutic potential of seaweeds the present limited use needs to be diversified into several applications. Present review highlights a state of art on the medicinal value of seaweeds and their exploitation scenario on a global scale

First Record of Cephalopholis sonnerati (Red Coral Grouper) From Gopalpur Coastal Waters, Bay of Bengal

1207-1212Present study reports the first record of a red coral grouper fish identified as Cephalopholis sonnerati observed during the routine trawl net operation for fishing by a private trawler off Gopalpur coast, Odisha on 6th July 2013. A coral grouper fish naming Cephalopholis sonnerati belonging to the family Serranidae measuring length 270 mm and weight 300 gm was obtained. This fish has not been reported previously from this coastal water.The description, morphometrics and meristic characters of the fish are described in this study

Experience of establishing and coordinating a nationwide network for bidirectional intussusception surveillance in India: lessons for multisite research studies

Objectives To document and share the process of establishing the nationally representative multisite surveillance network for intussusception in India, coordination, data management and lessons learnt from the implementation.Design This study combined both retrospective and prospective surveillance approaches.Setting 19 tertiary care institutions were selected in India considering the geographic representation and public and private mixParticipants All children under-2 years of age with intussusceptionPrimary and secondary outcome measures The experience of site selection, regulatory approvals, data collection, quality assurance and network coordination were documented.Results The site selection process involved systematic and objective four steps including shortlisting of potential institutions, information seeking and telephonic interaction, site visits and site selection using objective criteria. Out of over 400 hospitals screened across India, 40 potential institutions were shortlisted and information was sought by questionnaire and interaction with investigators. Out of these, 25 institutes were visited and 19 sites were finally selected to participate in the study. The multistep selection process allowed filtering and identification of sites with adequate capacity and motivated investigators. The retrospective surveillance documented 1588 cases (range: 14–652 cases/site) and prospective surveillance recruited 621 cases (range: 5–191 cases/site). The multilayer quality assurance measures monitored and ensured protocol adherence, complete record retrieval and data completeness. The key challenges experienced included time taken for obtaining regulatory and ethical approvals, which delayed completion of the study. Ten sites continued with another multisite vaccine safety surveillance study.Conclusion The experience and results of this systematic and objective site selection method in India are promising. The systematic multistep site selection and data quality assurance methods presented here are feasible and practical. The lessons from the establishment and coordination of this surveillance network can be useful in planning, selecting the sites and conducting multisite and surveillance studies in India and developing countries