QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE (TABLET) IN COMMERCIAL DOSAGE FORM MARKETED AN USED IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

The experiment involves analysis of nine brands of hyoscine butylbromide using ultra violet spectrophotometer in the range of (200-400nm) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in which the samples were dissolved in various solvents and their various absorbance, peak area at various wavelength were determined and compared with that of the standard, wavelength of maximum absorbance at 210nm for hyoscine butylbromide. Percentage and milligramme content for each sample was determined so as to note if it was within the acceptable range of (92.5-107.5%) for hyoscine butylbromide. For those that passed the test or if it was below or above the range for samples that are substandard or highly concentrated. The samples absorbance and peak area was used along side with the standard absorbance and peak area to calculate the percentage content of each sample. It was observed that of the Of the nine samples of hyoscine butylbromide tablet, only shreecopan with 93.6% passed using UV spectrophotometer while bixkopan with 99.8%, buscomac 101.6%, spanil 97.2% and unipan 104.7% passed using HPLC. KEYWORDS: Hyoscine Butylbromide, UV, HPL

Entrepreneurship Education (EE): “Sufficient or a Necessary Condition” for Incubating Business in Nigeria

Over the years, entrepreneurship development has become a burning issue which countries all over the world aspire to achieve. Most countries particularly the developing countries such as Nigeria have not reduced unemployment even with the decade old entrepreneurship education in its schools’ curricula. Most of these countries think that entrepreneurship education is a “necessary condition” for boosting entrepreneurship development. Thus, neglecting the roles governments have to play for achieving high entrepreneurship propensity. Governments of the less developed countries do not provide the basic infrastructural facilities such as constant power supply, potable pipe borne water, good roads network, accessibility to credit facilities and etc (OCED, 2004). This study attempts to find out whether entrepreneurs consider EE a necessary condition or sufficient condition for incubating business. Through the use of simple random sampling technique, some 120 entrepreneurs in Yobe State were studied by means of structured questionnaire. Respondents were grouped into two. These groups are 60 entrepreneurs with EE knowledge and another 60 without EE knowledge. Only 110 questionnaires were retrieved. Simple percentage was used in making the analysis of responses. Hypotheses were tested at 5% confidence interval using the t-test. The means of the two groups were compared. The findings indicate no significant difference between the means of the two groups for Ho1 and a significant difference between the means of the two groups for Ho2. Recommendations were offered in order to ensure effective entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.   Key words: Entrepreneurship education, economic development, infrastructural facilities, sufficient condition, necessary conditio

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME BRANDS OF AMLODIPINE MARKETED IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS, USING ULTRA VIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC (HPLC) METHODS

The quantitative analysis of different brands of Amlodipine tablets was carried out (using HPLC and U.V Spectrophotometer) to determine if the drugs are of required standards. The results obtained from analysis of the various drugs were compared with that of the standard. The percentage content for each sample was calculated using the absorbance and peak areas of the samples and that of the standard to see if they are within specified limit as stated by the official books. Amlodipine has a range of 97%-102% according to B.P 2008, From the result obtained using UV – Spectrophotometer,A (98.3%), B (100%),E (101.8%),F (101.22%),I (100.8%) are all within the B.P Specified limit while D (88.65%),G (65.57%) and C are said to be below the B.P specified limit. From the result obtained using HPLC analysis G (101.5% and A (100%) are said to be within the specified limit but E (441.8%), I (90.4%),H (92.2%) and F (95.4%) are all below the B.P specified limit while B (104.3%),C (126.2%) and D (201.8%) are said to be above the B.P specified limit. using UV- spectrophotometry shows that 5 samples of the Amlodipine passed and 4 samples failed while for HPLC, only 2 samples passed KEYWORDS: Amlodipine, UV, HPL

Assessing Impact of Entreprenuership Eduaction on Students’ Job Creation Ability after Graduation

Entrepreneurship education is an organised programme taught at our tertiary institutions to trained students to be self reliant. This study seeks to find out how effective the Entrepreneurship Education helps students attending a course leading to award of “Nigeria Certificate in Education” (NCE vocational and technical education) become self reliant by way of incubating their own businesses after graduation. Thus, the research assesses the impact of the entrepreneurial education in promoting business start up through new skills, knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes acquired from the colleges. It further tries to find out if the colleges have good activities that could prepare students for entrepreneurship. The research involves a survey conducted on 300 students selected via the simple random sampling method out of the 1200 final year’s students of the Federal Colleges of Education Potiskum and Gombe (FCE Potiskum & FCE Gombe). The final year students were considered because they have taken all the entrepreneurship education courses and are ready to face the real world for work. Two hypotheses guided this study. Mean, Standard Deviation and simple percentage were used in making analysis. The hypotheses were tested using the t-test at 0.05 significant levels. The findings revealed that the students have no intention to be self employed, and that the colleges have adequate but not befitting programs to prepare students for entrepreneurship after graduation. The study proffered recommendations to government and the institutions to tackle the problem. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Technical and Vocational, Entrepreneurship Education, Job and Self-reliance

Multi-dimensional leadership orientation of academic department heads and lecturer commitment in Malaysian polytechnics

AbstractThis study examine the extent of Department Heads in Malaysian polytechnics employ multi-dimensional leadership, based on Bolman and Deal's leadership framework, and how it affects lecturers’ commitment towards the polytechnics and students. This study analyzed the ratings of 76 heads of department and 841 lecturers 24 polytechnics. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to determine if there is a statistically significant relationship between the perceived leadership orientations of the department heads and the self-perceived commitment of polytechnic lecturers. The findings suggest that polytechnics’ heads of departments practices multi-dimensional leadership, to which human resource dimension being the dominant frame. In addition, a significant positive relations were found between lecturers’ commitment to their polytechnics and cultural leadership frame. However, no significant positive relationship were found between the department heads’ leadership frame and the lecturers’ commitment to the students

Head of Departments’ Instructional Supervisory Role and Teachers’ Job Performance: Teachers’ Perceptions

This study examines the effect of instructional supervisory role of the Head of Departments on teachers’ job performance. More specifically, the study was conducted to obtain an understanding on how the Head of Department supervisory role is perceived, and how it affects the instructional development and job performance of private secondary school teachers in private secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data for this quantitative research was collected via the distribution of a questionnaire among 100 teachers from private secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur. The 5-Likert-scale questionnaire was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between teacher’s perception on the instructional supervision role of the Head of Department and improving teachers’ job performance from various aspects including teaching practices, professional competencies and motivation. All the findings have signify positive relationship on how the good qualities and roles of the Head of Department will instill difference towards better changes in achieving better job performance among teachers in the schools. In short, this study reveals that it is important for the Head of Departments in schools to play the role of instructional leader as it possesses good characteristics in enhancing better teaching and learning for both leaders and the subordinates. In this regard, both the Head of Departments and the teachers are able to develop and create a platform for teaching and learning, and this will also indirectly develop the teachers’ teaching practices, competency and motivation. As a result, good leaders influence their subordinates and encourage them towards better job performance

Tahap pengurusan konflik dalam kalangan guru besar-guru besar dan guru-guru di sekolah rendah

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau pandangan guru dan pentadbir sekolah terhadap amalan dalam pengurusan konflik di sekolah rendah. Antara objektif kajian adalah untuk meninjau pandangan guru-guru dan Guru Besar-Guru Besar terhadap konsep konflik, faktor-faktor kewujudan konflik, tahap-tahap konflik, kesan konflik serta gaya dan pendekatan yang diamalkan untuk mengurus konflik. Seramai 30 orang Guru Besar lelaki dan 9 orang Guru Besar wanita yang sedang mengikuti Program Khas Pensiswazahan Guru Besar di UKM serta 624 orang guru sekolah rendah di bawah pentadbiran mereka (201 lelaki dan 471 perempuan) dilibatkan dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini menggunakan instrumen soal selidik yang diadaptasikan daripada lima soal selidik untuk mengukur mod pengurusan konflik iaitu Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II (1995), Blake & Moulton (1964), Hall (1969), Lawrence dan Lorsch (1967) dan Thomas & Kilmann (1974). Data yang diperoleh telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistik Deskriptif (Kekerapan, Peratus dan Min) dan Statistik Inferensi (Regresi Berganda). Kajian mendapati konflik memang wujud antara pentadbir dan guru, antara guru dan guru, antara pentadbir dengan pentadbir dan antara guru dengan staf sokongan. Konflik yang kerap berlaku ialah di antara pentadbir dengan guru dan di antara guru-guru dengan guru. Guru Besar-Guru Besar dan guru-guru berpendapat bahawa selain daripada wujud secara semula jadi, konflik boleh juga berpunca daripada percanggahan nilai-nilai peribadi dan tingkah laku serta emosi. Melalui analisis regresi, dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa faktor peribadi menyumbang ke atas terjadinya konflik (42.1%) manakala 43.3% disumbangkan oleh faktor komunikasi, dan 14.6% lagi oleh faktor-faktor lain yang tidak termasuk di dalam kajian ini. Pada keseluruhannya, tahap konflik di sekolah-sekolah rendah masih berada di peringkat rendah, tetapi tetap memberi kesan yang tinggi. Gaya pengurusan konflik yang selalu digunakan oleh Guru Besar-Guru Besar dan guru-guru ialah bersepadu dan bertolak ansur, manakala pendekatan pengurusan konflik yang didapati berjaya ialah pertemuan secara bersemuka, matlamat kongsi bersama, memperbanyakkan sumber, mengenal pasti perbezaan staf dan mengubah tingkah laku. Juateru, barisan pentadbiran sekolah perlu memahami punca-punca konflik dan mengambil kira amalan dan pendekatan pengurusan yang dapat menangani konflik secara lebih berkesan

Methods of curing geopolymer concrete: a review

Geopolymer concrete is a new approach of concrete production by exclusion of ordinary Portland cement entirely with pozzolanic material. Beside water, concrete is the largest consumed substances, which demand huge portion of Portland cement. During Portland cement manufacturing process, high emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced which results in polluting the surrounding environment. Moreover, a lot of energy is expended during cement production. Based on manufacturing situations, geopolymer concrete displays different behaviors and attributes. This paper succinctly discusses the different methods of curing of geopolymer concrete and figures out the best method of curing. Experimental findings revealed that condition of curing has a good influence on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. Conventionally, ambience temperature curing of geopolymer concrete result in low strength development at an early age, while higher temperature curing results in significant strength improvement. Similarly, extended curing time enhanced the geopolymerisation mechanism and achieved greater strength. However, longer duration of curing at an elevated temperature result in failure of the sample

Mediation competency scale: a scale development study

Bu çalışmanın amacı, arabulucuk yetkinliğinin belirlenebilmesine yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak 30 avukatın katılımıyla oluşturulan deneysel odak grup çalışması ile bir arabulucunun sahip olması gereken yetkinlikler maddeler halinde belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanan maddeler uzman görüşü doğrultusunda yeniden düzenlenmiş 17 maddelik 5’li Likert tipi bir ölçek formu oluşturulmuştur. Ölçek, 482 avukat üzerinde yapılan araştırmadan elde edilen 324 geçerli veri üzerinden açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılarak yapılan analiz neticesinde, toplam 10 maddelik, “iletişim” ve “önsezi” olarak adlandırılan iki boyuttan oluşan, geçerli ve güvenilir arabuluculuk ölçeği geliştirilmiştir.The aim of this study is to develop a mediation competence scale. For this purpose, an experimental focus group study with 30 lawyers was generated 17 items as the necessary competences that a mediator should posses. A 5-point Likert-type scale form of 17 items was reorganized according to experts’ evaluation. The survey was admisnistred on 482 lawyers and only 324 valid responses were obtained, the data was further subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results from the analyses generated a valid and reliable mediation scale consisting of two dimensions “communication” and “hunch”.No sponso

Knowledge and attitude of men towards risk factors influencing maternal mortality in magume community, Zaria

Most studies related to maternal mortality have focused mainly on direct clinical causes. However, it is imperative to look at the importance of tackling background predisposing factors in a bid to reducing deaths occurring in this vulnerable group. Innovative and effective options towards preventing as well as reducing maternal deaths must include active participation of men, who more often than not are not knowledgeable about these risk factors. Aims: To assess the knowledge and attitude of men towards risk factors influencing maternal mortality in Magume Community, in Zaria LGA. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016 using a pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 170 respondents were sampled using a multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed based on descriptive statistics, chi-square and Fisher's exact test using SPSS version 21. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The results were presented using tables and charts. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 38(±11.2) years. Knowledge scores show that approximately 46% of the respondents had good knowledge, while 40% had poor knowledge and 14% had fair knowledge. Lack of ANC services during pregnancy was the most commonly identified (93.1%) maternal mortality risk factor and lack of family planning was the least identified (34.3%). Attitude to maternal mortality risk factors was negative in half (50.9%) of the respondents. There was a statistically significant relationship between educational level; occupation with both knowledge and attitude scores. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study has highlighted the need for increased male involvement and participation in maternal health issues. Interventions such as health education and community mobilization that aims to educate men on risk factors and danger signs associated with poor maternal health outcomes should be carried out in this area