Effect of Probiotics on Serum Biochemical and Blood Constituents in Chicken Challenged with Salmonella enterica Subsp Typhimurium

Purpose: To examine the effects of two commercial probiotics (Toyocerin and CloSTAT) on serum enzyme activities, and hematological and biochemical indices of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (ST).Methods: The chicks received one of the following treatments at 0 day of age: T1 = control group, unmedicated diet, unchallenged birds, (negative control); T2 = unmedicated diet + bacterial challenge (positive control); T3 = medicated diet with neoxyval (0.05 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (NEOX); T4 = toyocerin (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (Toyocerin); and T5 = CloSTAT (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (COLS). Blood samples were withdrawn from 7 selected chicks in each treatment at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age, and analyzed for total protein, albumin and globulin concentration, and the albumin: globulin ratio computed. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutatamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in serum were measured on days 7 and 42.Results: The results revealed that albumin (p < 0.001), globulin (p < 0.001) and albumin: globulin ratio (p < 0.001) were influenced by the time of blood collection. Globulin increased significantly after ST challenge while albumin decreased significantly. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) after ST challenge was affected by treatment (p < 0.05). Higher levels were obtained from birds which had received NEOX or positive control, compared to negative control group.Conclusion: Salmonella challenge affects serum albumin, globulin and GOT enzyme. The results obtained suggest that the probiotic, Toyocerin, mitigates the negative effects of Salmonella challenge.Keywords: Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus Cereus var. toyoi, Probiotics, Liver enzymes, Hematology, Salmonella enteric

Trauma and Emergency Anesthesia Checklists

This study aimed at investigating the anesthesiologist critical role in stabilizing the patient and maintaining safe conditions during this dynamic period and frequently will find it necessary to shift management strategies as the case evolves. Ant to analyze the followed checklist upon the arrival of trauma patients and the using of the emergency anesthesia procedures. Besides the attempt to justify the use of medical checklists, and following up the checklists’ protocols, especially in the field of emergency anesthesia procedures for trauma patients by analyzing the most used checklists worldwide, and demonstrates the importance of adherence to regulations in the checklists for trauma patients. The study concluded that trauma and emergency anesthesia checklist can improve communication in the care of critically ill patients requiring an anesthetic

General Anesthesia: Observing and Monitoring the Post-operative Complications

The aim of this research was to analyze the post-operative complications of general anesthesia and by utilizing that information, to plan and produce a comprehensive detailed layout of the literature related to the subject investigated. More than 200 studies were surveyed, and the data collected was organized with a systematic layout of the observing and monitoring processes of the post-operative general anesthesia complications. The study concluded that post anaesthetic observations and monitoring are an essential requirement for patient assessment and the recognition of clinical deterioration in post-operative patients. There is disparity in the literature as to what constitutes ‘standard’ routine post anaesthesia orders, so in line with the observation and continuous monitoring guidelines

Betaine and nano-emulsified vegetable oil supplementation for improving carcass and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions

IntroductionThis research aimed to examine the effects of water-added betaine (BET) and/or nano-emulsified vegetable oil (MAGO) on carcass and meat quality characteristics of broilers raised under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions.MethodsOn day 21, 640 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of two thermal conditions (thermoneutral 22 ± 1°C and heat stress 32 ± 1°C) each containing four treatment groups: Control, BET, MAGO, and a mixture of both (BETMAGO) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (eight groups). Each group has eight replicates, with ten birds each. The birds' carcass and meat quality characteristics were evaluated at 35 days.Results and discussionThe dressing percentage, breast, leg, wing, heart, initial pH, color change, cooking loss (CL), water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force (SF), and texture profile with exception of springiness significantly affected by the treatments. The results showed that HS had negative effects on carcass weight and relative weights of the breast, spleen, and heart. Moreover, HS increased dressing percentage, wing, initial pH, final core temperature, initial lightness, WHC, and hardness. Significant differences in interactions between treatments and temperature were observed in the spleen, WHC, and SF.ConclusionWater supplemented with BET effectively improved carcass dressing percentage, breast weight, and meat quality in terms of water-holding capacity and tenderness under HS conditions. More studies on the use of BET and/or MAGO at different levels were recommended

Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism—A review

This review aims to review hormones mechanisms that affect fuel metabolism and are involved in regulation of blood glucose, dealing insulin and glucagon hormones, and includes other related hormones, which increase the blood glucose level: growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol and adrenaline. However, this review focuses on insulin and glucagon hormones as widely, and on other related hormones as briefly. Insulin plays an important role in a decrease blood glucose concentration in hyperglycemic response to emergencies or stress by an increasing rate of glucose transport into the muscle cell of animals and facilitating glucose utilization and by maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations. Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone, promoting the storage of metabolites in peripheral stores. While, glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone, stimulates gluconeogenesis—at the expense of peripheral stores by enhancing the hepatic removal of certain glucose precursors and stimulates lipolysis; however, it has not influence on peripheral protein stores directly. Insulin, glucagon and other related hormones regulate blood glucose concentrations and act on movement of glucose, amino acids and possibly volatile fatty acids between the liver and peripheral tissues directly. In another way, glucagon may be considered catabolic and insulin anabolic. In conclusion, insulin promotes body gain by stimulating protein and fat synthesis, growth hormone increases protein retention and decrease fat deposition. Growth hormone can alter the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. In contrast, catabolic hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine and glucocorticoids are provided for mobilization of energy reserves to allow the animal to deal with adverse situations

Effect of two brooding systems and four stocking densities on immune response and stress indicators of broiler chicks during the brooding period

This experiment investigated the effects of the brooding system (BS) and stocking density (SD) on the immune response of 1-14-day-old broiler chicks. A 3672 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were raised in two BSs (conventional floor brooding system (CFBS) and the newly developed multi-tier closed brooding system (NDBS)) at four different SDs (30, 60, 90, and 120 chicks/m2), resulting in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Immunity data on lymphoid organ weights, maternal antibody titres to IBV, IBDV, and NDV, and stress indicators were collected on days 6 and 12. The results showed that CFBS and NDBS had similar effects on the relative development of chick lymphoid organs (Bursa, spleen, and thymus), the durability of the maternal humoral immune response against IBDV, and the maintenance of normal levels of stress indicators. Birds in CFBS outperformed NDBS in terms of the durability of maternal immunity to IBV and NDV. Birds in NDBS had a higher liver weight percentage than CFBS. Maternal immunity, lymphoid organ weights %, glucose and cholesterol concentrations were not altered by SD. In contrast to relative weights, differences in absolute lymphoid weights (g) were attributed to differences in live weights. An increase in SD per area unit resulted in an increase in heterophils and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage resulted in an increase in the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes(H:L). In conclusion, birds in the higher SD had lower live weights and higher H:L ratios. Smarter brooding systems are needed to usher in a new era for the poultry industry.Highlights The brooding system and/or stocking density accounted for the stress factors of the birds. Both brooding systems increased the relative development of chick lymphoid organs and the durability of the maternal humoral immune response to IBDV. Smarter brooding systems are needed to apply the critical control point standard and usher in a new era for the poultry industry. As stocking density per unit area increased, live and liver weights decreased, and the lymphocyte ratio increased

Effects of Rumex nervosus leaf powder supplementation on carcasses compositions, small intestine dimensions, breasts color quality, economic feasibility in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT: Carcass characteristics, product quality, and the conversion of feed into meat with higher performance and feasibility are important determinants of the profitability and sustainability of any poultry enterprise. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of Rumex nervosus leaf powder (RNLP) on carcass composition, small intestine dimensions, breast color quality, and economic feasibility of Ross broiler chickens. A total of 122 broilers were randomly distributed evenly among 4 treatments (0, 1, 3, and 5 g RNLP/ kg diet, n = 5 replicates per treatment, with 6 broilers per replicate: 3 ♀ and 3 ♂). Performance and economic data were collected in each replicate during the experiment. One male bird from each replication was examined for other criteria on d 34. Results showed that broilers fed 3 g of RNLP had a higher eviscerated carcass weight and dressing percentage (P < 0.05) than the control. The RNLP-fed broilers had higher weights and thicknesses in the duodenum and jejunum of up to 5 g and in the ileum and overall small intestine of up to 3 g. Broilers fed the lowest levels of RNLP had the highest revenue and net gain and the lowest cost–benefit ratio compared with those fed the highest levels of RNLP. The results indicate that the addition of RNLP has a positive effect on carcass processing, the intestinal measurements, and profitability ratios of the broilers. The 1 g RNLP/kg feed is the recommended dose to increase productivity and economic profitability ratios per kilogram of meat

Serum biochemistry indices, leukogram, carcass variables and intestinal measurements of Eimeria tenella-infected or non-infected broilers treated with dietary Cinnamomum verum bark

ABSTRACTWe compared the outcomes of various concentrations of Cinnamomum verum bark powder (CNP), a natural product, to a conventional anticoccidial drug in induced Eimeria tenella infection in broilers aged 21 days. On day 21, 250 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of 10 treatments, five of which had Eimeria tenella infection and five of which did not. Results 14 days post-infection (dpi) revealed that the treatments had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG) and production efficiency factor (PEF). Although the 2 g CNP and Salinomycin (Sacox) treatments performed equally well, the 2 g CNP had the highest BWG and PEF under challenging conditions. Although the PEF improved satisfactorily at 14 dpi, the loss of BWG at 7 dpi did not compensate at 14 dpi. Challenged birds had longer and heavier small intestines, atrophiedceca, lower creatinine levels and higher eosinophils % than unchallenged birds. The elevation lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased with increasing cinnamon dosage. In conclusion, 6 g CNP as a natural product could be as effective as Sacox against occidiosis, with 2 g CNP performing best at 14 dpi. However, more research is required to fully understand its anticoccidial mechanisms.Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark may benefit broiler health by reducing Eimeria tenella oocysts.Under coccidial challenge, Cinnamomum verum bark at 2 g/kg diet may improve broiler body weight gain and production efficiency at 34 days of age (14 days post-infection).The lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased less as cinnamon dosage was increased

Efficacy of Rumex nervosus leaves or Cinnamomum verum bark as natural growth promoters on the growth performance, immune responsiveness, and serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential growth and health promotion of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) and Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) supplementation as phytogenic growth promoters on broilers. For 34 days, 540 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to nine groups. Birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1, 3, or 5 g/kg RNL, 2, 4, or 6 g/kg CVB. In addition, birds were fed the basal diet complemented with antibiotic (AGP), or basal diet without feed additive as controls. All bird vaccinated for IBV, IBDV, and NDV except negative control (NC). The selected indicators were measured and analysed. Broilers given 1 g RNL were numerically heavier at 34 days and gained more to a degree comparable to the AGP group (p = .053). The addition of CVB at 2 g resulted in the best-feed conversion up to 21 d (p = .04). Throughout the study, dietary treatments had no impact on feed intake. Except for ALT, none of the immune-related parameters or serum biochemical profile differed statistically between treatments when compared to vaccinated control group. When comparing the non-vaccinated un-treated group on day 34, vaccination increased significantly antibody titres to NDV and IBDV. In conclusion, dietary RNL and CVB, especially at low doses, attempted to maximise the performance without compromising health in broiler chickens under typical conditions. Further research into the use of natural herbs under challenging conditions is required to maximise performance, maintain animal productivity, and achieve the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the poultry industry. Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark at a dose of 2 g/kg diet improved feed conversion ratio during the starter period. However, both selected herbs result unsatisfactory improvements in broiler performance at overall period under the ideal hygienic conditions. If broilers are exposed to bacterial challenges, phytogenic feed additives or even antibiotics may manifest their activity in promoting animal health and, as a result, growth performance. Low levels of hepatic enzymes at day 34 of age showed that birds’ health was good. Cinnamon powder improves kidney function at day 21 by lowering serum creatinine levels with increasing dose (p < .05). Rumex nervosus leaves or Cinnamomum verum bark have hypoglycaemia activity on day 31 by lowering serum glucose levels as the dose is reduced

Band-gap tuning of lead halide perovskite using a single step spin-coating deposition process

In this paper, we present a study of the structural and optical properties of organic-inorganic halide-based perovskite semiconductors with band gaps varying from NIR to visible at room temperature. Thin films of nanocrystalline CH3NH3PbI3 with different concentrations of methylammonium iodide (MAI) have been successfully deposited onto glass substrates using single step spin-coating technique. The prepared films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. X-ray diffraction scans revealed that even for stoichiometric atomic cOncentrations of MA:Pb:I of 1:1:3, the PbI2 phase was also present. The PbI2 phase showed a highly textured along the (001) direction in all the prepared films, with a crystallite size in the range of approximately 30-40 nm. The optical absorbance edge of CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is described in terms of direct transition model proposed by Tauc in the strong absorption region. The band gap of the pure PbI2 film was calculated to be 2.40 eV, whereas the band gap of the pervoskite film with stoichiometric ionic ratio of 1:1 PhI2 and CH3NH3I was calculated to be 1.46 eV, while absorption coefficient is similar to 10(5) cm(-1). Photoluminescence measurements showed a red shift in the perovskite emission with increasing the MAI concentration, confirming the correct placement of the MA ions in the perovskite crystalline structure showing the PbI2 octahedra. Our results confirm the existence of PbI2 phase in the highly efficient perovskite solar cells, as demonstrated in the recent publication. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved