Evaluation of robust epoxy resin sealants for wellbore integrity applications

During the drilling and completion phases of oil and gas wells, cement is placed in the wellbore as a barrier between the casing and the formation. All casing strings must be cemented to protect and support the casing, and to isolate production zones. The primary cement must prevent the wellbore fluids from migrating in an annular flow path so as to allow the wells to be utilized without any control problems. The primary cement may fail to deliver full zonal isolation due to several reasons such as insufficient mud removal before the cementing, casing expansion, and contraction, high fluid losses, cement free fluids, inadequate hydrostatic pressure, high-pressure tests and temperature variations across the cement causing micro-annuli and cracks that may allow fluids to migrate. In addition, if the cement is placed in zones where corrosive fluids are presented, chemical degradation could compromise the cement integrity. If any of these failures occurred during the life of the well, remedial job must be performed to restore the well integrity. Failing to restore the cement integrity may lead to unwanted severe consequences to the environment, the equipment, and personnel. This work presents the results of evaluating several epoxy resin sealants that have the potential to replace the conventional Portland cement used in remedial jobs. This study includes the rheological behavior, curing kinetics, injectivity, plugging performance against water and CO2, chemical resistance, and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin sealants. This work compares the results of epoxy resin sealants to that of the conventional Portland cement. The findings obtained from this work can be utilized in optimizing the cement remedial operations --Abstract, page iv

New wellbore-integrity classification for gas migration problems and new cement formulations using Graphene Nano Platelets to prevent gas migration through cement

Gas migration, one of the primary problems related to the integrity of oil wells, is caused by cement failures. Gas migration can result in costly well repairs and may endanger personal, equipment, and result in severe operational difficulties and environmental issues. The ultimate objectives of this research were to provide a comprehensive review of the problem and to provide a solution to the problem using Graphene Nano Platelets (GNPs). An intensive review was performed to understand the cement failures. The reasons behind these failures were analyzed and classified with respect to their locations in the wellbore. Recommendations and potential solutions for these problems were also suggested. A new classification was established and would work as a roadmap to understand the oil well cement failures and would help prevent their occurrence. An intensive laboratory work was conducted to better understand the cement and the cement testing methodologies. In addition, GNPs were added to the cement to enhance its properties. The evaluation of the neat cement and the new cement formulations included testing their mineralogy by implementing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, testing the mechanical properties of the set cement, testing the stability and rheology of the liquid slurry, and evaluating the chemical shrinkage of the cement. In addition, the effects of adding GNPs on the hydration process of the cement was studied using isothermal calorimeter. The findings of this investigation showed that GNPs played a key role in regulating the microstructure of the hydration products of the cement, which enhanced the toughness of the cement without affecting its stability and flow-ability. The GNPs also aided in controlling the propagation of micro cracks within the cement matrix --Abstract, page iv

Utilizing a New Eco-Friendly Drilling Mud Additive Generated from Wastes to Minimize the Use of the Conventional Chemical Additives

The cost of the drilling operation is very high. Drilling fluid presents 15 to 30% of the entire expense of the drilling process. Ordinarily, the major drilling fluids additives are viscosity modifiers, filtration control agents, and partial loss treatments. In this experimental work, full-set measurements under fresh and aged conditions, as well as high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) API filtration, were conducted to study the impacts of adding 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% of black sunflower seeds’ shell powder (BSSSP) to spud mud. BSSSP of various grain sizes showed their ability to be invested for viscosity modifying, seepage loss controlling, and partial loss remediation. In addition to BSSSP eminent efficiency to be used as a multifunctional additive, the BSSSP is cheap, locally obtainable in commercial quantities, environmentally friendly additive and easy to grind into various desired grain sizes. Besides its outstanding strength to behave under conditions up to 30 h aged time and under 50 °C (122 °F) temperature, the utilization of powdered waste black sunflower shells in the drilling process and other industrial applications can reduce the effects of food waste on the environment and the personnel safety. To sum it up, experimental findings revealed that BSSSP can be used for multiple applications as a novel fibrous and particulate additive. The results elucidated BSSSP suitability in substituting or at least minimizing some of the traditional chemical materials utilized in the petroleum industry such as salt clay, polymers, and lost circulation materials (LCM)

Full-Set Measurements Dataset for a Water-Based Drilling Fluid Utilizing Biodegradable Environmentally Friendly Drilling Fluid Additives Generated from Waste

The oil and gas industry is moving towards more environmentally friendly practices. The environmental regulations regarding drilling waste management and disposal are motivating the industry to be more efficient with drilling operations. Environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives used in drilling operations reduces not only the negative implications on the environment but also reduces costs. This paper provides an experimental dataset of utilizing biodegradable waste materials as environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives. The data were collected through experimental evaluations of several waste materials including Potato Peels Powder (PPP), Mandarin Peels Powder (MPP), Fibrous Food Waste Material (FFWM), Palm Tree Leaves Powder (PTLP), Grass Powder (GP), and Green Olive Pits\u27 Powder (GOPP). The data presented herein are the raw results of the experiments, which were conducted to examine the ability of the biodegradable waste materials to improve the water-based drilling fluids. The data include the effects of adding these waste materials on different drilling fluid properties such as mud weight, filtration, pH, and the rheology. The mud weight was measured using mud balance, the filtration data were collected using API filter press for both low/high pressure and temperature, the pH was measured using pH meter, and the rheology was characterized using viscometer. The dataset is potentially useful to assist researchers working on developing environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Diabetic Retinopathy Among Primary Health Care Physicians in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been shown to be the third most observed cause of visual loss in Saudi Arabia. In the Al-Hasa region in particular, the prevalence of DR has been shown to be 30%. Primary health centre (PHC) physicians play a central role in the early detection and prevention of DR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding DR of PHC physicians in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at PHCs in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was provided to every participant along with a consent form. Out of 71 centres in the region, 63 were included in this study. The questionnaire consisted of three sections and a total of 18 questions. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 software program (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).Results: One hundred forty-one of 209 physicians completed the questionnaire for a response rate of 67%. The mean of overall knowledge score for all participants was 2.6 ± 1.16 points out of four points. Only 34 (24.1%) of the participants correctly referred their diabetic patients according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Additionally, only 52 (36.9%) physicians educated their patients regarding the early detection of diabetic complications.Conclusion:  The present study concluded that there exist gaps in applying the correct guidelines. Physicians' attitudes toward patient education were overall satisfactory. Further medical symposiums and workshops are warranted to teach physicians about diabetic complications and screening schedules, including DR

Experimental Investigation of Environmentally Friendly Drilling Fluid Additives (Mandarin Peels Powder) to Substitute the Conventional Chemicals Used in Water-Based Drilling Fluid

The non-biodegradable additives used in controlling drilling fluid properties cause harm to the environment and personal safety. Thus, there is a need for alternative drilling fluid additives to reduce the amount of non-biodegradable waste disposed to the environment. This work investigates the potential of using mandarin peels powder (MPP), a food waste product, as a new environmentally friendly drilling fluid additive. A complete set of tests were conducted to recognize the impact of MPP on the drilling fluid properties. The results of MPP were compared to low viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-LV), commonly used chemical additive for the drilling fluid. The results showed that MPP reduced the alkalinity by 20-32% and modified the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength) of the drilling fluid. The fluid loss decreased by 44-68% at concentrations of MPP as less as 1-4%, and filter cake was enhanced as well when comparing to the reference mud. In addition, MPP had a negligible to minor impact on mud weight, and this effect was resulted due to foaming issues. Other properties such as salinity, calcium content, and resistivity were negligibly affected by MPP. This makes MPP an effective material to be used as pH reducer, a viscosity modifier, and an excellent fluid loss agent. This work also provides a practical guide for minimizing the cost of the drilling fluid through economic, environmental, and safety considerations, by comparing MPP with PAC-LV

Roles of Health Informatics in Infection Control and Prevention, as well as Nursing Roles in Droplet Precaution Adherence

Microorganisms can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact, respiratory droplets, and airborne transmission. These are the three main modes of transmission. When it comes to preventing infections in hospitals, having knowledge of standard measures and always following them is absolutely necessary. Because of the fact that they are responsible for a significant share of the treatment and care that patients get, nurses and informatics teams play an important part in the prevention and management of hospital infections. Consequently, there should be an effort made to improve the perspectives that nurses have of the fundamental components of standard precautions. However, the findings indicated that the level of compliance with standard safeguards was somewhere in the middle. It is clear from this that it is required to take the necessary steps in order to increase the level of compliance. However, the findings indicated that the level of compliance with standard safeguards was somewhere in the middle. It is clear from this that it is required to take the necessary steps in order to increase the level of compliance

Carrying angle among young adults of Saudi Arabia and its correlation with demographic characteristics: A cross sectional study

Background: The angle between the median axes of the forearm and arm is called the carrying angle (CA). Sex differences in CA and its relation to age, height, weight, and BMI are unclear. The aim of the present study was to measure the CA in male and female subjects in the Saudi population and correlate it with the above variables. Materials and methods: A digital goniometer was used to measure CA in 181 males and 165 females. Information on age, height, weight, and BMI was also recorded. Results: CA showed differences based on sex, though was independent of age, height, weight, and BMI. Hormonal factors may influence CA and could explain larger CA values in female subjects. Conclusions: CA measurement in specific population groups contributes to the successful management of several pathological conditions of the elbow and aids in the design of elbow orthotics and prosthetics

Quality of Life among Children with Cerebral Palsy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Various Factors Influencing It: A Cross-sectional Study

Many neurological disorders cause disabilities in children, and cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with CP experience reduced quality of life (QOL). CP is the most prevalent cause of disability in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to establish quantitative evidence related to QOL and the factors influencing it among children with CP. We recruited 132 participants between 2 and 18 years of age diagnosed with CP from several hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Participants were classified according to age based on the Pediatric QOL Inventory CP Module (PedsQL 3.0 CPM), which was completed by parental proxies. The Gross Motor Functional Classification System—Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) divided participants based on their functional level. Of the 132 participants, 79 were male and 53 were female. We observed reduced mean score of QOL in all PedsQL 3.0 CPM dimensions. Parents reported the lowest QOL for movement and balance activities and the highest QOL for eating activities. There was a significant negative moderate correlation between QOL and GMFCS-E&R scores (r s = −0.56, P = 0.01) and a significant moderate positive correlation between QOL and schooling (r s = 0.4, P < 0.03) and socioeconomic status of the family (r s = 0.42, P < 0.04). The parents of children with CP reported poor QOL for the children. Decreased functional levels were associated with reduced QOL, whereas schooling positively impacted QOL. More frequent rehabilitation services may be required to educate and encourage positive parental involvement during rehabilitation, further enhancing QOL among children with CP

An Overview Of Antidote For Midazolam Overdose, Role Of Clinical Laboratory, Anesthesia And Nursing In The Management

Midazolam is commonly administered as a premedication due to its beneficial properties of inducing amnesia, reducing anxiety, and promoting sedation. Incorrect administration of midazolam at an inappropriate dosage elevates the likelihood of respiratory and circulatory depression. An individual died as a consequence of receiving a 10 mg dosage of intravenous (IV) midazolam during an endoscopic procedure.1 While there is no documented evidence of fatalities resulting from the intramuscular (IM) administration of midazolam, we have encountered two instances of excessive doses of IM midazolam being delivered. Thankfully, there were no issues. However, the occurrences highlighted the reality that certain doctors and nurses may lack the necessary expertise in administering a drug, even if it has been widely used for an extended period of time. Only a few examples have been recorded in the literature where the premedication of IM midazolam was administered at a dosage four times higher than recommended. The sedative effects were extended, however, there was no occurrence of circulatory or respiratory depression, which is fortunate. Both accidents occurred due to the nurse and resident\u27s inadequate familiarity with midazolam. Hence, it is imperative not to assume that all medical personnel possess equivalent experience and expertise regarding frequently utilized medications. It is crucial to thoroughly examine prescriptions and processes, especially for common medications, in order to prevent unintentional overdoses. The clinical laboratory, anesthesia, and nursing play crucial roles in managing patients, including tasks such as identifying drug levels in urine, administering antidotes, performing intubation, and providing more effective therapy with the help of the anesthesia team