Macular Thickness Variations with Axial Length in Healthy Individuals: Review Article

Background: In the diagnosis and evaluation of many visual illnesses, such as macular edema, macular thickness is an important metric. Gender, age, ethnicity, refraction, and axial length all have an effect on the retinal macular thickness. Preoperative calculations of intraocular lens power during cataract surgery and myopia research necessitate precise and accurate measurements of axial eye length. Objective: To assess the macular thickness in eyes with no ocular pathology, which is important because it serves as a reference for the consequent diagnosis, and to assess the effectiveness of treatment for various macula-related illnesses.Conclusion: Thickness of macula is not the same in all eyes, as it expected to vary with change of eye axial length, which can guide and help in various ocular diseases

Investigating Antiarthritic Potential of Nanostructured Clove Oil (<i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>) in FCA-Induced Arthritic Rats: Pharmaceutical Action and Delivery Strategies

The combined application of clove oil in a lipid nanocarrier opens a promising avenue for bone and joints therapy. In this study, we successfully developed a tunable controlled-release lipid platform for the efficient delivery of clove oil (CO) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The ultra-small nanostructured lipid carriers co-loaded with CO (CONCs) were developed through an aqueous titration method followed by microfluidization. The CONCs appeared to be spherical (particle size of 120 nm), stable (zeta potential of −27 mV), and entrapped efficiently (84.5%). In toluene:acetone:glacial acetic acid (90:9:1 percent v/v/v) solvent systems, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed the primary components in CO as eugenol (RF = 0.58). The CONCs greatly increased the therapeutic impact of CO in both in vitro and in vivo biological tests, which was further supported by excellent antiarthritic action. The CONC had an antiarthritic activity that was slightly higher than neat CO and slightly lower than standard, according to our data. The improved formulation inhibited serum lysosomal enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines while also improving hind leg function. This study provides a proof of concept to treat RA with a new strategy utilizing essential oils via nanodelivery