Bases and Nature of Termination of Contract for convenience of Employer in International Investment Contracts (Comparative Study of US and Iranian Law)

In international investment agreements that a government enters into with foreign investors, the investee government may terminate the agreement between itself and the foreign investor unilaterally for reasons such as safeguarding its interests. Termination of the contract for convenience expediently refers to an institution in which the employer and investee government terminates its contractual relationship with the contractor, in whole or in part, before the expiration of the contract, in order to protect its interests. Research Method The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of collecting library methodological materials. Items such as the public interest, the implicit condition, the theory of effective breach, and the elimination of the purpose of the contract are among the principles set forth in U.S. law for the unilateral termination of the contract for convenience of the employer. Also in Iranian law, issues such as the public interest, the limits of the authority of the Supreme Leader are among the principles mentioned for this issue. Termination of the contract for convenience is expedient in terms of the nature of the contract, and it seems that its more precise nature, depending on its basis, can be a conditional option and even termination. In American law, in addition to the fact that the termination of the contract for convenience expediently can be terminated on the basis of an explicit or implicit condition of the contract, failure to comply with the terms of this right can be considered a breach of contract

PBHs and GWs from T2\mathbb{T}^2-inflation and NANOGrav 15-year data

In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism in $\mathbb{T}^2$-inflation to enhance the power spectrum large enough to seed primordial black holes (PBHs) formation. To accomplish this, we consider the coupling function between the inflaton field and $\mathbb{T}^2= T_{\mu \nu}T^{\mu \nu}$ term. PBHs formed within this scenario can contribute partially or entirely to dark matter (DM) abundance. Furthermore, the amplification in the scalar power spectrum will concurrently produce significant scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) as a second-order effect. In addition, the energy spectrum associated with SIGWs can be compatible with the recent NANOGrav 15-year stochastic gravitational wave detection and fall into the sensitivity range of other forthcoming GW observatories.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, and one tabl

Comparing the Therapeutic Effects of Dexamethasone-Metoclopramide with Ketorolac in Relieving Headache in Patients with Acute Migraine Attacks Presenting to the Emergency Department

Introduction: Migraine is a frequent chief complaint of patients in the emergency department. A wide range of treatments are used for acute migraine. Objective: This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of a combination of metoclopramide + dexamethasone with those of ketorolac for treatment of acute migraine in the emergency department. Method: This quasi-experimental study enrolled patients identified as migraine headache cases admitted to the emergency departments of Shohadaye Tajrish and Sina hospitals, Tehran, Iran. The patients were divided into two groups and treated with either 8 mg Dexamethasone + 10 mg Metoclopramide or 60 mg ketorolac, and then compared regarding the rate of pain control based on visual analogue scale (VAS) on arrival and 1 and 2 hours afterward. Results: Overall, 86 patients were recruited, of whom 50 were male (58.1%). Their mean age was 37.6 ± 10.3 years. Thirty-five (40.7%) were in the ketorolac group and 51 (59.3%) were in the dexamethasone + metoclopramide group. Treatment success was defined as a reduction of at least 3 points in pain severity in comparison to the admission time. One hour after administration of medications, the reported pain intensity was 4.7 ± 2.0 and 6.2 ± 2.3 in ketorolac group and dexamethasone + metoclopramide group, respectively. By the second hour, pain intensity was 3.4 ± 1.2 and 2.9 ± 1.3 in ketorolac group and dexamethasone + metoclopramide group, respectively. The two groups did not show a significant difference in terms of the reported pain at this time (p= 0.04). Conclusion: Based on our findings, the pain reduction time was relatively shorter for ketorolac in acute migraine, but the final response was identical in the two groups

Risk factors associated with positional plagiocephaly in healthy Iranian infants: a case-control study

Abstract Objectives Deformation of the skull by external forces in the absence of synostosis has been defined as positional plagiocephaly. The aim of this investigation was to determine the risk factors of positional plagiocephaly (PP) in healthy Iranian infants. Materials & Methods This case-control study was performed on 300 healthy Iranian infants aged 8-12 weeks who referred to pediatric neurology clinic at Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan. Plagiocephaly evaluations were done by using Argenta’s scale. Results Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, there was significant association between PP and male gender (OR=2.26; P=0.002), head circumference (OR=1.22; P=0.006), multiple pregnancy (OR=2.55; P=0.03), abnormal presentation in uterine (OR=2.18; P=0.02), primiparity (OR=2.43; P=0.003), and supine sleep position (OR=2.97; P<0.001). But type of delivery, firmness of headrest, oligohydramnios, and prolonged labor were not correlated with PP. Conclusions The current investigation supports the idea that head circumference, male gender, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, supine sleep position, and abnormal presentation in uterine are correlated with a greater incidence of PP. Further investigations should be undertaken to fully understand PP and its related risk factors

The effect of forward head posture on cervical joint position sense

A number of studies have investigated the effect of age, trauma, disease and fatigue on cervical joint position sense. However, there is an absence in data regarding the role of posture on proprioception. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Forward Head Posture (FHP) on cervical joint position sense. Twenty Forward Head Posture volunteers (14 women, 6 men), with the mean age of 23.94 (SD=3.26) years, and 17 normal head posture volunteers (8 women, 9 men) with the mean age of 23.50 (SD=2.68) years were asked to perform the Cervicocephalic relocation test (CRT) to the neutral head position (NHP). The aim of this test was to evaluate the participants' ability to relocate the head to neutral position after they actively rotated it to left and right sides. Three trials were performed for each rotation to the left and right. In order to assess cervical joint repositioning accuracy, Absolute, Constant and Variable errors were used. No significant difference in repositioning errors was observed between experimental and control group in absolute and constant errors (P>0.05); however, compared to normal group, Forward Head Posture subjects manifested significantly higher levels of variable errors (P<0.05). Forward Head Posture can significantly affect the positioning consistency of cervical proprioception. Nonetheless, further investigation on the effect of Forward Head Posture on cervical proprioception in altered situations is recommended.

The Etiology and Clinical Evaluations of Neonatal Seizures in Kashan, IRAN

How to Cite This Article: Talebian A, Jahangiri M, Rabiee M, Masoudi Alavi N, Akbari H, Sadat Z. The Etiology and Clinical Evaluations ofNeonatal Seizures in Kashan, IRAN. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2015;9(2):29-41. AbstractObjectiveDetection of seizure, its etiology, and clinical types is important for guiding therapy. This study was designed to evaluate the etiology and clinical evaluations of neonatal seizures in Kashan, Iran.Materials and MethodsThe data of 100 hospitalized neonates with a complaint of seizures in Kashan City, from January 2006 to January 2011 were evaluated. The pediatric neurologist made the final diagnosis. The gestational age, neonate admission age, type of delivery, and laboratory and radiological investigations were reviewed   from the medical records. The relation of seizure etiology and other variables were compared using the Chi-square test. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (ver 11.5).ResultsA total of 100 neonates were hospitalized with a diagnosis of seizures. The overall incidence rate of seizures was 2.6 per 1,000 live births. A total of 59% of seizures happened in the first three days of life. The etiologies of seizures were hypoxicischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (36%), hyponatremia (12%), hypoglycemia (11%), intracranial hemorrhage (11%), infections (10%), hypocalcemia (8%), metabolic disorders (7%), the structural anomalies (5%), and hypomagnesaemia (4%). In 23% of neonates, no specific etiology was found and 23% had multiple etiologies. In 45% of neonates, the EEG was not recorded. The type of the seizures were focal-clonic (26%), tonic (25%), multifocal clonic (34%), subtle(11%), and myoclonic (4%). The types of the seizure were unrelated to the paraclinical findings.ConclusionNeonatal seizures are common and HIE was the main cause of seizures in this study. The clinical evaluation of neonatal seizures needs improvement

Oroclinal bending, distributed thrust and strike-slip faulting, and the accommodation of Arabia–Eurasia convergence in NE Iran since the Oligocene

Regional shortening is accommodated across NE Iran in response to the collision of Arabia with Eurasia. We examine how N–S shortening is achieved on major thrust systems bounding the eastern branch of the Alborz (east of 57°E), Sabzevar and Kuh-e-Sorkh mountain ranges, which lie south of the Kopeh Dagh mountains in NE Iran. Although these ranges have experienced relatively few large earthquakes over the last 50 yr, they have been subject to a number of devastating historical events at Neyshabur, Esfarayen and Sabzevar. A significant change in the tectonics of the eastern Alborz occurs directly south of the Central Kopeh Dagh, near 57°E. To the east, shortening occurs on major thrust faults which bound the southern margin of the range, resulting in significant crustal thickening, and forming peaks up to 3000 m high. Active shortening dies out eastward into Afghanistan, which is thought to belong to stable Eurasia. The rate of shortening across thrust faults bounding the south side of the eastern Alborz north of Neyshabur is determined using optically stimulated luminescence dating of displaced river deposits, and is likely to be 0.4–1.7 mm yr^(−1). Shortening across the Sabzevar range 150 km west of Neyshabur has previously been determined at 0.4–0.6 mm yr^(−1), although reassessment of the rate here suggests it may be as high as 1 mm yr^(−1). Migration of thrust faulting into foreland basins is common across NE Iran, especially in the Esfarayen region near 57°E, where the northward deflection of the East Alborz range reaches a maximum of 200 ± 20 km (from its presumed linear E–W strike at the beginning of the Oligocene). West of 57°E, the tectonics of the Alborz are affected by the westward motion of the South Caspian region, which results in the partitioning of shortening onto separate thrust and left-lateral strike-slip faults north and south of the range. At the longitude of 59°E, published GPS velocities indicate that 50 per cent of the overall shortening across NE Iran is accommodated in the Kopeh Dagh. The remaining 50 per cent regional shortening must therefore be accommodated south of the Kopeh Dagh, in the eastern Alborz and Kuh-e-Sorkh ranges. Assuming present day rates of slip and the fault kinematics are representative of the Late Cenozoic deformation in NE Iran, the total 200 ± 20 km N–S shortening across the eastern Alborz and Kopeh Dagh mountains since the beginning of uplift of the Kopeh Dagh basin would be accommodated in 30 ± 8 Ma. Although this extrapolation may be inappropriate over such a long timescale, the age is nevertheless consistent with geological estimates of post Early-to-Middle Oligocene (<30 Ma) for the onset of Kopeh Dagh uplift