Autecological Characteristics of \u3cem\u3eChrysopogon aucheri\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eCymbopogon jwarancusa\u3c/em\u3e, Dominant Rangeland Grasses in Baluchistan

Controlled environment experiments were designed to study the germination, seedling development, and defoliation responses of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa to better understand their xv autecology and potential use in range improvement programs in Baluchistan. In experiment 1, Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater seed fill and viability than Chrysopogon aucheri. When incubated at six different alternating temperature regimes, seeds of Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater cumulative germination at five temperature regimes and faster germination at the colder temperature regimes than Chrysopogon aucheri. In experiment 2, seedling shoot and root development was characterized at 15-day intervals over a 60-day period. Seedlings of both species had a panicoid\u27\u27 type seedling morphology. Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon �warancusa developed comparable numbers of leaves and tillers per plant during the 60-day period. Chrysopogon aucheri had a greater number, length, and dry weight of primary and seminal roots than Cymbopogon jwarancusa at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Adventitious root length was also higher for Chrysopogon aucheri than Cymbopogon jwarancusa at 60 days. Seedlings of both species had similar shoot:root ratios and relative growth rates. In experiment 3, seedlings of both species were planted in rnonocultures and in a 50:50 mixtures. Defoliation treatments, implemented 32 weeks after emergence, included: equally clipping all plants of both species zero, one, two, or three times (at 4-week intervals) in monoculture and mixture; and clipping one species zero, one, two, or three times (at 4-week intervals) without clipping the associated species in mixture. Both species remained vegetative and did not differ in leaf and tiller development until about 32 weeks after emergence. During later growth, Chrysopogon aucheri reproduced while Cymbopogon jwarancusa remained vegetative. cymbopogon jwarancusa produced more tillers on control plants and defoliated plants (mainly in monoculture). At lower frequencies of defoliation Chrysopogon aucheri produced more shoot and root biomass than Cymbopogon jwarancusa (mainly in mixture). In 50:50 mixtures when one species was defoliated and the other not, both species were comparable in shoot dry weight; however, Chrysopopgon aucheri was superior to Cymbopogon jwarancusa in root dry weight at all defoliation regimes. The initial standing crop and subsequent regrowth of Chrysopogon aucheri were comparable or higher in crude protein and digestibility than Cymbopogon jwarancusa

The synthesis of methyl-2-acetamido-3,4,6-0-triacetyl alpha-D-talosaminide

Amongst the very many different kinds of amino sugars, theones that have aroused the most interest are the 2-amino 2-deoxy hexoses which are found in such well known antibiotics as streptomycin and neomycine (2). There are so far about forty-three antibiotics which are known to contain different aminosugars (6). Aminosugars exhibit the same properties as other reducing aldohexoses, e. g. reduction of silver and cupric salts, oxidation to hexonic acids, reduction to alcohols and formation of glycosides. The object of this project is to synthesize methyl N-acetyl α-D-talosaminide which has previously been prepared by Jeanloz (3) following a different route. The path that jeanloz, Jeanloz, and Glazer (3) followed involved the preparation of methyl 2-acetamide 4, 6-benzylidene 2-deoxy α-D-idospyradoside by ammonolysis of methyl 2,3-anhydro 4,6-benzylidene α-D-idospyranoside which was converted to methyl 2-acetamido 4,6-benzylidene talopyranoaide by treatment with sodium acetate in aqueous 2-methoxyethanol. This compound was debenzylidenated with aqueous acetic acid and acetylated to obtain methyl 2-acetamido 3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl talosaminide. In short, the above route involved essentially a direct conversion from the idose series into the talose series which is illustrated in Scheme I

Gender Issue in Utilization of Micro Credit with Reference of Khushali Bank (A case study of D.I.Khan)

Ubiquitously, the pursuit of progress has taken the road of socioeconomic improvement. Both men and women are intricate in this enlargement process. For the said determination both have to do positive productive accomplishments and to upsurge their income for their folks and the country. The glassy of income and benefaction of a household depends on the obtainability of engagement chances for the adult members of that household. As apposite employments are threatened in the country, the formation of self-employment openings becomes the most important objective of households to enhance income, and thus, to enhance the chance to cover the basic necessities. But the poor households do not have the amount of capital that is required for starting up a self-employment activity. Therefore, financial support is one important part of the maintenance of income strategies. In a macho society like Pakistan, men hold the supreme power to control households and society as a whole, and woman are frequently secluded in their homes because of cultural, religious and social restrictions. The households are supervised by women who are either widows, divorced or have a disabled husband. However, with the great decline of their socio-economic situation women are breaking through the traditional norms and coming forward to participate in the development activities outside their homestead. Therefore in this research it was tried to find out whether women in study area are acknowledged in using micro credit.The study was guided by a structured questionnaire containing the closed research questions: on how respondents use credit in the light of their gender demographic traits. Cluster sampling techniques were applied to get a total of 150 respondents. Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics using various statistical tools like regression, correlation, t- test and ANOVA with the help of tables and charts. The Study verdicts exposed that male made better use of micro credit. But their counterpart was not too behind. Changing culture has been replacing this trend and the counterpart of the day has been progressing. However educated, experienced and the respondents who had full time business had been playing vital role in this respect. If the population is business trained and the women are provided favorable culture in which they can a have a stage to show their talents, they would become strong competitors in this field with their counter parts and would play attractive role in development