Seasonal variations in groundwater quality: A statistical approach

In this study, a descriptive statistical measure and a partial correlation analysis were applied to groundwater quality data set monitored in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon for three years to investigate seasonal variations of Central Ganga Plain in India. The variables were divided into two categories as “chemical property- HCO3, Cl, SO4, Na, K, Ca, and Mg” and “physical property- electrical conductivity (EC), pH and hardness”. The results revealed that groundwater quality variables (chemical property and physical property) were distinctly different between two seasons. Seasonal changes of groundwater quality caused by ion exchange, dissolution mechanism and anthropogenic influences such as fertilizer, pesticides, agricultural activities, and other industrial units should be taken into consideration by the groundwater managers especially in post monsoon 2005 seasons in which higher concentrations were observed. From the partial correlation coefficient analysis of groundwater samples, dominance of alkalis and relative abundance of SO4during post monsoon were inferred. In the case of the groundwater samples, strong correlation were observed among HCO3 with Cl, SO4, Na, Ca, pH and hardness in the post-monsoon (2005) samples, as well as negative correlation were found among the major variables except HCO3 with Na, Mg, hardness during the pre-monsoon (2006) suggested from partial correlation of groundwater samples

Evaluation of groundwater quality using linear regression model

The present study was undertaken to analyzed chemical parameters of groundwater samples were collected from representative sampling stations established over entire study area in post monsoon 2005, and pre monsoon 2006 periods from 37 locations in parts of the Central Ganga Plain. Eight parameters such as, TDS, HCO3, Cl, SO4, Na, K, Ca, and Mg were selected as the groundwater quality variables in this study.Total dissolved solids (TDS) were calculated by summing up the concentrations of all the major cations and anions.The concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Cl- , HCO3- and total hardness were determined by volumetric method.Ca++ and Mg++ were determined by EDTA titration.For HCO3-, HCl titration to a methyl orange point was used.Chloride was determined by titration with AgNO3 solution. Flame emission photometry was used for the determination of Na+ and K+.Sulphate was determined by gravimetric method. The higher values of TDS, Na, K, and Cl were recorded in pre monsoon 2006 compared to post monsoon 2005. On the other hand the higher values of Ca, Mg, HCO3, and SO4 were observed in post monsoon 2005 than pre monsoon 2006. This showed clear impact of land use on groundwater.The regression analysis between TDS-Na; TDS-K; TDS –HCO3; showed strong positive relationship as r = 0.802, 0.715, and 0.786 respectively, and moderate positive correlation with Cl ions (r=0.579) and very low positive correlation (r= 0.055, 0.324 and 0.330) with Ca, Mg, and SO4. All the estimated chemical parameter values were found to be statistically significant in both pre and post monsoon years

Impact of the flood occurrence in Kota Bharu, Kelantan using statistical analysis

Over the years, flood has become one of the most destructive phenomena all over the world.It’s included Malaysia and the study area which located at the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.Flood in Kota Bahru, Kelantan is mainly caused by heavy rainfall brought by the Northeast monsoon starting from November to March every year.It is categorized as annual flood as it occurs every year during the Monsoon season.The flood in the study area has become the most common natural hazard which caused a lot of damage for every time, during the flood event.People in the affected area had to bear with this event where they need to be evacuated and moves their private and belongings to the safe area. In this study, about 200 questionnaires were distributed to the people in the affected area after the 2010/2011 flood event. After that, the questionnaires were selected to undergo two kinds of statistical tests that were used to analyze the association of flood with the condition of flood in the study area such as frequency of flood, water depth, type of loss, total loss (in Malaysian currency, RM), health problem, electric/phone disruption and river expansion which was chi-square and bivariate correlation tests.The results of chi-square test shows that there is association between flood occurrence and the condition of flood such as frequency of flood, water depth, type of loss, average total loss, disease and psycology effect, electric/phone disruption and river expansion while the results of correlation test shows that most of the condition of flood has negative strong relationship with the flood occurrence.Overall study shows that the flood occurrences have decreased the impact of flood to the people in the affected area from years to years based on statistics of flood damage and also on victims experience

General geology and groundwater quality analysis of domestic wells around Kampung Panglima Bayu, Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia

The current research project focuses on geological mapping and groundwater quality analysis of domestic wells in and around Kampung Panglima Bayu, in Tanah Merah district, Kelantan. The objective of this research is to produce an updated geological map of the study area at a scale of 1:25000 and to conduct groundwater quality analysis in the research region. Groundwater samples were obtained from 12 domestic wells for the analysis of physicochemical parameters. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and total dissolved solids were measured using a multiparameter and turbidity meter on site. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to analyse major trace elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese, while the titration method was used to analyse bicarbonate and chloride. While spectrophotometer methods were used to analyse fluoride, sulphate, and nitrate. Based on the data analysis of the geology of Kampung Panglima Bayu, three rock units can be found: granite is the most common kind of rock detected in the research region, followed by schist and alluvium. Furthermore, the geomorphology of the study area revealed elevation differences consisting of low land to high hills. The petrographic analysis revealed principle minerals like quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase and biotite with the granitic rocks identified as ‘biotite granite porphyry’ due to the high amount of biotite mineral present in the thin section. In addition, the results of our analysis for groundwater quality were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of Health Malaysia (MoHM) standards values. It was observed that 7 of the 12 wells were contaminated because the pH values were below the normal level. Turbidity was high in wells 4, 5, and 11, and sodium ion levels surpassed the standard allowable limit in well 11

Groundwater potential zone in Bachok District, Malaysia: Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique

The research aimed to identify probable groundwater zones by integrating GIS, remote sensing, and AHP techniques. Given the rising demand for water resources due to population growth and economic expansion, groundwater resources are vital. The paper presented a comprehensive approach to achieving this goal. Integrating geographic information systems with analytic hierarchy processes is demonstrated to obtain precise decision-making information through transforming geographical data and weightage ranking. The present study has identified seven principal criteria controlling parameters significantly impacting groundwater occurrence. These criteria have been derived from analysing satellite imagery, existing maps, and data sources. The abovementioned variables encompass drainage density, elevation, annual precipitation, slope gradient, land use and land cover. The overlay-weighted sum method maps the potential groundwater zones in the research area by incorporating all thematic criteria. The groundwater potential index map has identified various zones with differing levels of groundwater potential, ranging from very low (1.61%, low (1.81%), moderate (2.66%), high (22.59%) and very high (71.33%). Ultimately, the mean groundwater level information obtained from five wells in the study area is employed to authenticate the map depicting the potential groundwater zones. This research discusses the significant implications that need to be considered for sustainable groundwater exploration in the area

Spatial estimation of average daily precipitation using multiple linear regression by using topographic and wind speed variables in tropical climate

Complex topography and wind characteristics play important roles in rising air masses and in daily spatial distribution of the precipitations in complex region. As a result, its spatial discontinuity and behaviour in complex areas can affect the spatial distribution of precipitation. In this work, a two-fold concept was used to consider both spatial discontinuity and topographic and wind speed in average daily spatial precipitation estimation using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) in tropical climates. First, wet and dry days were identified by the two methods. Then the two models based on MLR (Model 1 and Model 2) were applied on wet days to estimate the precipitation using selected predictor variables. The models were applied for month wise, season wise and year wise daily averages separately during the study period. The study reveals that, Model 1 has been found to be the best in terms of categorical statistics, R2 values, bias and special distribution patterns. However, it was found that sets of different predictor variables dominates in different months, seasons and years. Furthermore, necessities of other data for further enhancement of the results were suggested

Hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variations in groundwater quality of an alluvial aquifer in parts of Central Ganga Plain, Western Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of groundwater in parts of the Central Ganga Plain and observe seasonal variations in its chemical quality. Systematic sampling was carried out during November 2005 and June 2006. The major ion chemistry of groundwater shows large variations, so much so that at times the meteoric signature seems to be completely obliterated. In many samples the concentrations of SO4, NO3 and F are above the permissible limit for human consumption. The graphical treatment of major ion chemistry helps in identifying four types of groundwater. All possible ionic species such as NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, NaSO4, KNO3, NaNO3, CaHCO3, MgHCO3, MgSO4 are likely to occur in groundwater system. The observed chemical variations may be attributed to sediment water interaction, ion exchange, dissolution mechanisms and anthropogenic influences such as application of fertilizers and effluents from sugar factories and paper mills. A general increase in TDS is observed in samples during June 2006. The increase in salinity is attributed to evaporation from water table, irrigation return flows, anthropogenic activities and below average rainfall in 2005 and 2006

GIS-based river flood hazard mapping in rural Area: A case study in Dabong, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia

Flooding is the most serious natural disaster and often happens in many countries around the world. Dabong Town which is located in the southern district of Kuala Krai, Kelantan was the case study of this research. Floods occur periodically at Kampung Dabong Hulu, Kampung Dabong Hilir and Kampung Chegar Lapan because of the heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. The main objective of this study is to determine which areas are exposed to floods and characterizing the flood zones in the Dabong Town by using Geographic Information System (GIS). Secondary data was gathered from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage while field investigations were conducted at the flooded area. Several questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in order to identify the extent of floods and depth of flooded areas. The results show that three parameters of flood hazards level which are low, medium and high have significant influences on the river flood hazard maps pattern. The area along the Galas River possessed high risk to flood and the total of the high hazard area is 378.39 hectares. Medium hazard area is shown as 57.11 hectares while low hazard area is 37.63 hectares