Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on kidney as a remote organ after skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion Efeito protetor da N-acetilcisteína no rim como um órgão remoto músculo esquelético após isquemia-reperfusão

PURPOSE: To investigate whether N-acetylcysteine has a protective effect against renal injury as a remote organ after skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: Twenty Wistar male rats were divided randomly into two experimental groups: group ischemia-reperfusion (group I) and group ischemia-reperfusion + N-acetylcysteine (group II). After ketamine and xylazine anesthesia, femoral artery was exposed. All animals were undergone 2h of ischemia by occlusion femoral artery and 24h of reperfusion. Rats that were treated with N-acetylcysteine given IV at a dose of 150 mg/kg-¹, immediately before reperfusion. After 24h of reperfusion, the blood samples were collected and submitted for evaluation of plasmatic urea, creatinine values and then rats were euthanized and left kidney harvested for histopathological analysis under light microscopy. RESULTS: The urea (35±7.84 mg.dL-1), creatinine (1.46±0.47 mg.dL-1) values were significantly lower in group II (P=0.000). Renal histopathologic study in group I showed extensive distal and proximal tubular cells necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells into the tubular lumen, cast formation in tubule and glomerul, glomerul fibrosis and hemorrhage. Histopathologically, there was a significant difference (p=0.037) between two groups. CONCLUSION: The N-acetylcysteine was able to decrease renal injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion in rats.<br>OBJETIVO: Investigar se a N-acetilcisteína tem um efeito protetor contra a lesão renal como um órgão remoto músculo esquelético após isquemia-reperfusão em ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: grupo isquemia-reperfusão (grupo I) e grupo isquemia-reperfusão N-acetilcisteína (grupo II). Após a anestesia de ketamina e xilazina, a artéria femoral foi exposta. Todos os animais foram submetidos a 2h de isquemia pela oclusão da artéria femoral e 24h de reperfusão. Os ratos que foram tratados com N-acetilcisteína administrados IV na dose de 150 mgkg-1, imediatamente antes da reperfusão. Após 24h de reperfusão, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas e submetidas para avaliação de uréia, creatinina e, em seguida, os ratos foram sacrificados e rim esquerdo retirados para estudo histopatológico em microscopia de luz. RESULTADOS: A uréia (35 ± 7,84 mg.dL-1), creatinina (1,46 ± 0,47 mg.dL-1) os valores foram significativamente menores no grupo II (p=0,000). Estudo histopatológico renal do grupo I mostrou extensa necrose distal e proximal, células tubular e descamação das células epiteliais para o lúmen tubular, formação de elenco no túbulo e glomerulo, fibrose glomerular e hemorragia. Histopatologicamente houve uma diferença significativa (p=0,037) entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A N-acetilcisteína foi capaz de diminuir a lesão renal induzida por reperfusão de isquemia do músculo esquelético em ratos

Effect of tramadol on lung injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion: an experimental study

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tramadol has a protective effect against lung injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: Twenty Wistar male rats were allocated to one of two groups: ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and ischemia-reperfusion + tramadol (IR+T). The animals were anesthetized with intramuscular injections of ketamine and xylazine (50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively). All of the animals underwent 2-h ischemia by occlusion of the femoral artery and 24-h reperfusion. Prior to the occlusion of the femoral artery, 250 IU heparin were administered via the jugular vein in order to prevent clotting. The rats in the IR+T group were treated with tramadol (20 mg/kg i.v.) immediately before reperfusion. After the reperfusion period, the animals were euthanized with pentobarbital (300 mg/kg i.p.), the lungs were carefully removed, and specimens were properly prepared for histopathological and biochemical studies. RESULTS: Myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the IR+T group (p = 0.001 for both). Histological abnormalities, such as intra-alveolar edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration, were significantly more common in the IR group than in the IR+T group. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our histological and biochemical findings, we conclude that tramadol prevents lung tissue injury after skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion

Tramadol Alleviates Myocardial Injury Induced by Acute Hindlimb Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Background: Organ injury occurs not only during periods of ischemia but also during reperfusion. It is known that ischemia reperfusion (IR) causes both remote organ and local injuries. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of tramadol on the heart as a remote organ after acute hindlimb IR. Methods: Thirty healthy mature male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into three groups: Group I (sham), Group II (IR), and Group III (IR + tramadol). Ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats by left femoral artery clamping for 3 h, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Tramadol (20 mg/kg, intravenous) was administered immediately prior to reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, animals were euthanized, and hearts were harvested for histological and biochemical examination. Results: The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were higher in Groups I and III than those in Group II (p < 0.05). In comparison with other groups, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Group II were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and this increase was prevented by tramadol. Histopathological changes, including microscopic bleeding, edema, neutrophil infiltration, and necrosis, were scored. The total injuryscore in Group III was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with Group II. Conclusion: From the histological and biochemical perspectives, treatment with tramadol alleviated the myocardial injuries induced by skeletal muscle IR in this experimental model

Effect of N-acetylcysteine on lung injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion: histopathological study in rat model Efeito de N-acetilcisteína em dano pulmonar induzido por isquemia-reperfusão de músculo esquelético: estudo histopatólogico em modelo de rato

PURPOSE: To investigate whether N-acetylcysteine, a free radicals scavenger has a protective effect against lung injury as a remote organ after skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: Twenty Wistar male rats were divided randomly into two experimental groups: group ischemia-reperfusion (group I) and group ischemia-reperfusion + N-acetylcysteine (group II). All animals were undergone two hours of ischemia by occlusion femoral artery and 24h of reperfusion. Before clamped the femoral artery, 250 IU heparin was administered via the jugular vein to prevent clotting. Rats that were treated with N-acetylcysteine given IV at a dose of 150 mgkg-¹, immediately before reperfusion. After 24h of reperfusion, animals were euthanized and left lung harvested for histopathological analysis under light microscopy. RESULTS: In the group I, tissues showed histological changes with intra-alveolar edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophilic infiltration. Histopathologically, there was a significant difference (P = 0.005) between two groups. CONCLUSION: Administration of N-acetylcysteine treatment significantly decreased lung injury induced by skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion according to histological findings.<br>OBJETIVO: Investigar se N-acetilcisteína, neutralizador de radicais livres, tem efeito protetor contra dano pulmonar como um órgão remoto após isquemia-reperfusão de músculo esquelético. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos machos Wistar, foram aleatóriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo isquemia-reperfusão (grupo I) e grupo isquemia-reperfusão +N-acetilcisteína (grupo II). Todos os animais foram submetidos a duas horas de ischemia pela oclusão artéria femoral e 24 horas de reperfusão. Antes de ocluir a artéria femoral, foi administrado 250 IU de heparina pela veia jugular para prevenir coagulação. A N-acetilcisteína foi administrada por via intravenosa, na uma dose de 150 mgkg-1, imediatamente antes de reperfusão. Após 24 horas de reperfusão, os animais foram eutanasiados e o pulmão esquerdo foi removido para análise histológica em microscopia óptica. RESULTADOS: No grupo I, os tecidos mostraram alterações histológicas com edema e hemorragia intra-alveolar e infiltração neutrofílica. Houve diferença histopatológica significante (P = 0.005) entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com a N-acetilcisteína diminuiu significantemente o dano pulmonar induzido por isquemia-reperfusão de músculo esquelético

Combination of poly L-lactic acid nanofiber scaffold with omentum graft for bone healing in experimental defect in tibia of rabbits Combinação de poli L-ácido láctico nanofibras com enxerto de omento para reparo ósseo em defeito experimental em tíbia de coelhos

PURPOSE: To investigate the osteoconductive properties and biological performance of Poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) with omentum in bone defects. METHODS: PLLA nanofiber scaffolds were prepared via electrospinning technique. Forty four New Zealand white female rabbits randomly divided into three groups of 18 rabbits each. Created defects in right tibias were filled in group I with omentum, in group II with PLLA nanofiber scaffold and in group III with combination of the omentum and PLLA. The same defects were created in left tibia of all groups but did not receive any treatment (control group). Histological and histomorphometric evaluations were performed at two, four and six weeks after the implantation. RESULTS: Histological changes on all groups along with the time course were scored and statistical analysis showed that the average scores in group III were significantly higher than the other groups. CONCLUSION: Histomorphometric analysis of bone healing was shown to be significantly improved by the combined PLLA with omentum compared with the other groups, suggesting this biomaterial promote the healing of cortical bone, presumably by acting as an osteoconductive scaffold.<br>OBJETIVO: Investigar as propriedades de osteocondução e desempenho biológico do ácido L láctico-Poly (PLLA) com omento em defeitos ósseos. MÉTODOS: Andaimes PLLA nanofibras foram preparados via eletrofiação técnica. Cinquenta e quatro coelhos fêmeas Nova Zelândia brancos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 18 coelhos cada. Defeitos criados em tíbias direitas foram preenchidos no grupo I com omento, no grupo II com PLLA nanofibras e no grupo III com a combinação do omento e PLLA. Os mesmos defeitos foram criados na tíbia esquerda de todos os grupos, mas não receberam qualquer tratamento (grupo controle). As avaliações histológicas e histomorfométricas foram realizadas em duas, quatro e seis semanas após a implantação. RESULTADOS: As alterações histológicas em todos os grupos, juntamente com o curso de tempo foram marcados e análise estatística mostrou que as pontuações médias do grupo III foram significativamente mais elevadas do que os outros grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Análise histomorfométrica da cicatrização óssea mostrou-se significativamente melhor com o PLLA combinado com omento em comparação com os outros grupos, sugerindo que este biomaterial promove a cicatrização do osso cortical, provavelmente atuando como osteocondutor