Prevalence of infertility in women with genital tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Infertility is a worldwide concern which has a variety of causes. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of infertility in women with genital tuberculosis. A search of PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases (from 1990 to the present, date of last search February 2016) was performed using the keywords tuberculosis, genital tuberculosis, female genital, bacteriological, histological, infertility, primary infertility, secondary infertility, fallopian tube diseases, Asherman syndrome, women genital tract, fertility outcome, reproductive outcome,  prevalence, rate, percent in order to identify the studies which have reported the prevalence of infertility in women with genital tuberculosis. Data were extracted, and a meta-analysis was done. Seven studies were identified. The prevalence of infertility among women with genital TB with 95% confidence interval was 70.67% (58.30-83.03). Also, the prevalence of primary infertility and secondary infertility among genital tuberculosis cases were 75.70% (69.03-82.36) and 24.30% (17.64-30.97), respectively. The prevalence of infertility in women with genital tuberculosis is high. Therefore, prevention and treatment of genital tuberculosis can be considered as a way to reduce the infertility rate.</p

Multi-frequency piezomagnetoelastic energy harvesting in the monostable mode

The present article investigates effects of the multi-frequency excitation on the output power of a piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester. The piezomagnetoelastic power generator is assumed to operate in the mono-stable mode. A perturbation technique based on the method of multiple scales is employed to develop an analytical solution to nonlinear differential equations governing the system dynamics. In addition, a Runge-Kutta numerical scheme is used to solve the differential equations. It is shown that the perturbation solution is in a close agreement with the numerical solution. The system response is determined for several cases including super-harmonic, combination and simultaneous resonances. The steady-state output voltage is then obtained for each case and compared with that of a single-frequency excitation. Due to nonlinearities present in the system, a multi-frequency excitation gives rise to complicated phenomena such ascombination and simultaneous resonances. It is found out that exploiting these resonances can significantly increase the amount of energy harvested

A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Infiltration Injection Pain in the Anterior Maxilla

Objective:&nbsp;To evaluate the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 810-980 nm wavelengths.&nbsp;Material and Methods:&nbsp;In the current triple-blind clinical trial, 84 patients received a total of 168 infiltration anesthesia injections (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) in the anterior maxilla. Each patient received two injections into the buccal mucosa of the right and left central incisors with a two-week interval. One injection was performed after LLLT, while the other injection was administered conventionally without laser. The pain level was measured immediately after injection using a visual analog scale (VAS).&nbsp;Results:&nbsp;There was a significant difference in the pain level experienced with and without LLLT, such that the mean pain score following LLLT was significantly lower than that without LLLT (p&lt;0.05). No significant difference was found in the pain level between laser and no laser groups in males, but the difference in this regard was significant in females (p&lt;0.05) and female patients experienced a significantly lower level of pain following LLLT.&nbsp;Conclusion:&nbsp;The low-level laser therapy can be successfully used to decrease the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla

A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Infiltration Injection Pain in the Anterior Maxilla

Objective: To evaluate the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 810-980 nm wavelengths. Material and Methods: In the current triple-blind clinical trial, 84 patients received a total of 168 infiltration anesthesia injections (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) in the anterior maxilla. Each patient received two injections into the buccal mucosa of the right and left central incisors with a two-week interval. One injection was performed after LLLT, while the other injection was administered conventionally without laser. The pain level was measured immediately after injection using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: There was a significant difference in the pain level experienced with and without LLLT, such that the mean pain score following LLLT was significantly lower than that without LLLT (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the pain level between laser and no laser groups in males, but the difference in this regard was significant in females (p<0.05) and female patients experienced a significantly lower level of pain following LLLT. Conclusion: The low-level laser therapy can be successfully used to decrease the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla