Experimental study for air cooling using membrane covered tray

An experimental study is conducted to cool the outdoor air using a humidification technique. A wind tunnel was built with a membrane covered tray serves as a test section. An outdoor air passes over a tray full of water and covered with a specific membrane. Air temperatures and relative humidity are measured before and after the tray for several air and water speeds. Air speed is measured at different locations along the centerline of the cross section. Results show that as the angle of the tray increases the air temperature drop increases which improve the efficiency of the humidification technique. This enhancement is reflected by a maximum and minimum temperature drop of 7.52 and 2.41oC respectively. Results also show that as the tray angle increases the air relative humidity increases as expected

Lignocellulosic Biomasses from Agricultural Wastes Improved the Quality and Physicochemical Properties of Frying Oils

In this work, the effects of using natural lignocellulosic-based adsorbents from sugarcane bagasse (SC), cornstalk piths (CP), and corn cob (CC) on the physicochemical properties and quality of fried oils were studied. The properties of lignocellulosic biomasses were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, the changes in the physicochemical properties of fresh, fried oils (for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 h) and adsorbents-treated oils were examined. The XRD results revealed that SC and CP biomasses have more amorphous regions than CC biomass, which had the highest crystallinity percentage. The results also showed that lignocellulosic biomasses enhanced the quality of the used oils. SC was the most effective biomass to enhance the properties of the used sunflower oil. For instance, the acid value of oil samples fried for 20 h reduced from 0.63 ± 0.02 to 0.51 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g oil after SC biomass treatment. For the peroxide value, the SC biomass treatment reduced it from 9.45 ± 0.56 (fried oil for 20 h) to 6.91 ± 0.12 meq O2/kg. Similarly, SC biomass adsorbent reduced the p-Anisidine Value (p-AV) of the used oil (20 h) from 98.45 ± 6.31 to 77.92 ± 3.65. Moreover, SC adsorbents slightly improved the lightness of the used oils (20 h). In conclusion, natural lignocellulosic biomasses, particularly SC, could be utilized as natural adsorbents to improve the oil quality. The results obtained from this study could help in developing sustainable methods to regenerate used oils using natural and cheap adsorbents

Guarantees of arrest before the prosecutor in accordance with the amended Code of The Criminal Procedure # 19 (2009) of Jordan

According to the Jordanian Procedural Criminal Code No 19 year 2009, several conditions are required for legal detention. These include interrogation of the suspect after the commission of a felony or a misdemeanor, the existence of material evidence which ties the suspect to the alleged crime. And for the purpose of exploring such conditions, the paper is divided into two sections. In the first section, the conditions relating to the interrogation and evidence are dealt with, and the second section explores the conditions concerning the type of crime. Concerning the criminal interrogation, it was shown that such procedure is not defined by the Code which does not require the availability of strong evidence that tie the accused to the alleged offence. The Code also does not allow the correction of the void interrogation and it does not allow its performance more than once. In addition, Article (114) of the code does not require the public persecutor to appoint a lawyer to defend the accused or a translator if he or she is unable to speak Arabic, and it is not a must that the accused be medically examined before the interrogation. As far as the conditions in relation to the type of the offence, the paper showed that it is not an obligation for the prosecutor to inform the accused of the reasons for his or her detention, or to hear his or her testimony or the testimony of the victim or the plaintiff when the extension of the detention warrant is due. Also the above mentioned Article does not state when the detention period commences and for how long, and it does not separate between the authority of investigation and the authority of accusation (indictment). Furthermore, it allows the extension of detention by the same authority regardless of the type of the punishment or its period or the criminal dangerousness of the accused and regardless of the type of the offence and the circumstances surrounding its commission. The second paragraph of the same Article also does not talk about felonies as far as detention is concerned, and it does not clearly state whether the period of detention before the public persecutor is to be considered as part of the detention time given to the court, or whether the detention period after the bail is to be added to the detention period before it. In the same vein, Article (114) does not indicate the type of bail after which the re- detaining of the accused is allowed, and it does not explicitly consider the infringement upon the accused rights during the investigatory stage as a cause of rendering the criminal procedures void. In addition, the Article does not prohibit the judicial police from contacting the accused, and makes no special rule in relation to pregnant women or the one who has a newborn, or to the accused\u27s health conditions or age. Moreover, the Article makes no reference as to whether the accused is a foreigner or a drug addict or no

Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters

Studies of the refining of crude cottonseed oil and its solutions in commercial hexane

110 leaves ill.Printing process for illustrations in original document: Ozalid proces

Studies of the refining of crude cottonseed oil and its solutions in commercial hexane

110 leaves ill.Printing process for illustrations in original document: Ozalid proces

Numerical investigation of natural convection around isothermal horizontal rectangular ducts

Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTwo-dimensional laminar natural-convection heat transfer in air around horizontal ducts with rectangular and square cross sections is studied numerically. Different aspect ratios are used for wide ranges of Rayleigh numbers. Results are presented in the form of streamlines and isothermal plots around the circumference of the ducts. The computational procedure is based on the finite-element technique. Temperature and velocity profiles are obtained near each surface of the ducts. Reverse flow and circulations are observed at high aspect ratios. Heat transfer data are generated and presented in terms of Nusselt number versus Rayleigh number for different aspect ratios. Correlation covering the aspect ratios used is obtained in dimensionless form of Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, and aspect ratio

Effectiveness of a recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone on the ovarian follicles, peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17β, and pregnancy rate of dairy cows

Aims: This study aimed at elucidating the effects of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) on the ovarian follicular dynamics, progesterone, estradiol-17β profiles, and pregnancy of dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Three groups (G, n=5 cows) of multiparous dairy cows were used. G1 (C) control cows were given controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandin F2α; G2 (L) cows were given low dose (525 IU and G3 (H) cows were given high dose (1800 IU) of r-hFSH on twice daily basis at the last 3 days before CIDR removal. All cows were ultrasonically scanned for follicular growth and dynamics, and blood samples were collected every other day for two consecutive estrus cycles for the determination of estradiol-17β and progesterone. Results: Estrus was observed in all C and L but not in H cows. Dominant follicle was bigger in L compared to C and H cows. Dominant follicle in C (16.00±2.5 mm) and L cows (17.40±2.3 mm) disappeared at 72 h after CIDR removal. However, in H cows, no ovulation has occurred during 7 days post-CIDR removal. Progesterone was not different (p>0.10) among groups, whereas estradiol-17β revealed significant (p<0.01) reduction in H (15.96±2.5 pg/ml) cows compared to C (112.26±26.1 pg/ml) and L (97.49±15.9 pg/ml) cows. Pregnancy rate was higher in L cows (60%) compared with C cows (20%). However, H cows were not artificially inseminated due to non-ovulation. Only a cow of C group has calved one calf, however, 2 of the L cows gave birth of twins and a cow gave single calf. Conclusion: Administration of a low dose (525 IU) of r-hFSH resulted in an optimal size of dominant follicle, normal values of progesterone and estradiol-17β, and 40% twinning rate, howeverusing 1800 IU of r-hFSH, have adverse effects on ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal profiles with non-pregnancy of dairy cows raised under hot climate