Comparison percentage of time for different EPG waveform feeding patterns of <i>N. lugens</i> on different rice varieties for 5 h (8-12 h). (Average percentage frequency and standard error).

<p>Means± SE within columns followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<i>></i>0.05, Kruskal- Wallis and Duncan test).</p><p>** =  Significant at 1% probability level; ns  =  Non-significant.</p

Honeydew production over 12 h by <i>N. lugens</i> on 12 rice varieties using the honeydew clock method.

<p>Means± SE within columns followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<i>></i>0.05, Duncan test).</p><p>** =  Significant at 1% probability level; *  =  Significant at 5% probability level; ns  =  Non-significant.</p><p>‘-‘  =  no honeydew observed in 12 h.</p

List of rice varieties and their origin used in this study.

<p>List of rice varieties and their origin used in this study.</p

Correlation coefficients and significance levels of qualitative EPG and honeydew drop characters among 12 rice accessions.

<p>** =  Significant at 1% probability level.</p><p>* =  Significant at 5% probability level; ns  =  Non-significant.</p

Average percentage duration of 7 types EPG waveform.

<p>The histogram graph are based on 8 to 12 h (5 hs) recording and followed the susceptible, moderate and resistance groups produced by cluster analysis.</p

Comparison of different EPG waveform feeding patterns of BPH on different rice varieties for 5 h (8–12 h) (percentage duration and standard error).

<p>Means± SE within columns followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<i>></i>0.05, Kruskal- Wallis and Duncan test).</p><p>** =  Significant at 1% probability level; ns  =  Non-significant.</p

Comparative graph between EPG waveform and honeydew drops.

<p>This graphs are based on percentage duration for each waveform types, NP (Non penetration), pathway, N4-a (sieve element salvation), N4-b (phloem ingestion), N5 (xylem ingestion), N6 (derailed of stylet mechanics) and N7 (potential drop) and honeydew drops for 12 rice varieties. Data were recorded from the first time when BPH make a connection with the plant and then stopped after 12 hs.</p

List of 56 characters used for cluster analysis and their significance levels from univariate test statistics using CANDISC procedure (SAS software).

<p>List of 56 characters used for cluster analysis and their significance levels from univariate test statistics using CANDISC procedure (SAS software).</p

Fastest time (h) to N4-a and N4-b waveform patterns within 12 h experiment.

<p>Means± SE within columns followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<i>></i>0.05, Duncan test).</p><p>** =  Significant at 1% probability level; ns  =  Non-significant.</p><p>‘-‘  =  no N4-b waveform pattern observed in 12 h.</p