48 research outputs found
Exodus: op de goede weg?
FDR Rechtsstaat organisatie en veiligheid -- ou
'Krijgt hij nog een kans, of rekenen we af?'. Rechters over de rol van het recidiverisico bij de straftoemeting
Het recidiverisico van de dader is in theorie een belangrijke straftoemetingsfactor indien gestraft wordt met het oog op speciale preventie. In deze studie onderzoeken we welke rol het recidiverisico in de praktijk speelt bij de straftoemetingsbeslissing van de rechter. Rechters zeggen aan hoog-risico-daders eerder bijzondere voorwaarden op te leggen en altijd op zoek te zijn naar aanknopingspunten dat de dader zijn leven wil beteren. Dit getuigt van een straftoemetingpraktijk die gekenmerkt wordt door penal welfarism. Desalniettemin worden hoog-risico-daders soms wel zwaarder bestraft, echter niet vanwege hun recidiverisico, maar vanwege hun sanctielijn: als daders hun kansen om hun leveren te beteren hebben vergooid, stappen rechters over op vergelding en incapacitatie. De straftoemetingspraktijk is dan ook een mix van traditionele vergeldingsgerichtheid, penal welfarism en new penology.Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit
Nazorg voor ex-gedetineerden door Exodus: maakt het verschil? Recidiveonderzoek onder ex-gedetineerden die bij Exodus verbleven in de periode 1999-2012
Exodus is an organization aimed at assisting prisoners at their transition to society. In the Exodus halfway houses participants receive help in finding a house and a job, in improving relationships with family and friends and in giving meaning to life. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to investigate whether participating in the Exodus program reduces reoffending: the observed reoffending rate is compared to the reoffending rate that was predicted based on characteristics of the participants. The findings show that two years after leaving Exodus, 46.5% of the participants reoffended. This is 4.1 percent point less than the total population of former prisoners and 4.6 percent point less than the predicted reoffending rate.Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit
Uptake of triiodothyroacetic acid and its effect on thyrotropin secretion in cultured anterior pituitary cells
The uptake of [125I]triiodothyroacetic acid ([125I]Triac) in anterior
pituitary cells was investigated and compared with that of [125I]T3.
Furthermore, the effects of Triac, T3, and T4 on TSH release were
compared. Cells isolated from adult male Wistar rats were cultured for 3
days in medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Uptake was measured at 37 C with
[125I]Triac (100,000 cpm; 120 pM) or [125I]T3 (50,000 cpm; 50 pM) in
medium with 0.5% BSA. In this medium, the ratio of the free fractions of
Triac, T3, and T4 was 1:8:1. Exposure of cells to 100 nM TRH for 2 h
stimulated TSH release by 80-110% (P < 0.001). Comparing total hormone
levels (1 nM to 1 microM), Triac and T3 were equally effective in reducing
this response, and both were 10-fold more effective than T4. The time
course (15 min to 4 h) of [125I]Triac uptake was similar to that of
[125I]T3, showing equilibrium after 1 h. Unlabeled Triac (1 microM)
reduced the uptake of [125I]Triac and [125I]T3 at all time intervals.
Expressed per pM free hormone, the cellular and nuclear uptake of
[125I]Triac were twice those of [125I]T3. The 15-min uptake of [125I]Triac
was reduced by incubation with 10 nM unlabeled Triac (35%; P < 0.001).
Maximum inhibition (56%; P < 0.001) was found with 10 microM Triac. A
similar effect was seen with 10 microM T3, T4, or
3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid. Preincubation (30 min) and incubation
(15 min) with 10 microM oligomycin reduced the cellular ATP content by 51%
(P < 0.001), [125I]T3 uptake by 77% (P < 0.001), and [125I]Triac uptake by
only 25% (P < 0.001). The temperature dependence of [125I]Triac and
[125I]T3 uptake was the same. Preincubation and incubation with 10 microM
monensin (reduces the Na+ gradient) or 10 microM monodansylcadaverine
(inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis) reduced 15-min [125I] Triac
uptake by 15% (P < 0.005) and 19% (P < 0.005), respectively. The data show
that 1) Triac, on the basis of the free hormone concentration, is more
potent than T3 or T4 in suppressing TSH secretion; and 2) the rapid uptake
of [125I]Triac by the anterior pituitary occurs by a carrier-mediated
mechanism that is only partially dependent on ATP or the Na+ gradient
Uptake of thyroxine in cultured anterior pituitary cells of euthyroid rats
The uptake of [125I]T4 was investigated in cultured anterior pituitary
cells isolated from adult fed Wistar rats and cultured for 3 days in
medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Experiments were performed with
[125I]T4 (10(5) to 2 x 10(6) cpm; 0.35-7 nM) in medium containing 0.5% or
0.1% BSA. The uptake of [125I]T4 increased with time and showed
equilibrium after around 1 h of incubation. The presence of 10 microM
unlabeled T4 during incubation decreased the uptake of [125I]T4 by 65-70%
at all time intervals. After 24 h of incubation, 1.5% iodide and 3.2%
conjugates were detected in the medium, whereas around 20% of cellular
radioactivity represented [125I]T3. The 15-min uptake of [125I]T4 was
significantly reduced by simultaneous incubation with 100 nM T4 (by 24%; P
< 0.05), 100 nM T3 (by 38%; P < 0.001), or 10 microM rT3 (by 32%; P <
0.001), whereas 10 microM tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) had no
effect. Furthermore, preincubation (30 min) and incubation (15 min) with
10 microM monodansylcadaverine, oligomycin, or monensin reduced the uptake
of [125I]T4 by 30%, 50%, and 40%, respectively (all P < 0.001).
Substitution of Na+ in the buffer by K+ diminished the uptake of [125I]T4
by 39% (P < 0.005); 2 mM phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan reduced
[125I]T4 uptake by 18% (P < 0.05), 18% (P = NS), and 33% (P < 0.005),
respectively. Our data suggest that the pituitary contains a specific
carrier-mediated energy-requiring mechanism for [125I]T4 uptake that is
partly dependent on the Na+ gradient. In addition, part of [125I]T4 uptake
in the pituitary might occur through an amino acid transport system. When
expressed per pM of free hormone, the 15-min uptake of [125I]T4 was
approximately as high as that of [125I]T3. Because the reduction of
[125I]T4 uptake by T4, T3, monodansylcadaverine, oligomycin, and monensin
was roughly the same as the previously reported reduction of [125I]T3
uptake by the same compounds, it is further suggested that T4 and T3 share
a common carrier in cultured anterior pituitary cells
Uptake of 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells and their effects on thyrotropin secretion
We compared the uptake, metabolism, and biological effects of
tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) and rT3 in anterior pituitary cells
with those of T4 and T3. Cells were isolated from adult male Wistar rats
and cultured for 3 days in medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Uptake was
measured at 37 C in medium with 0.1% BSA for [125I]Tetrac (200,000 cpm;
240 pM) and [125I]T4 (100,000 cpm; 175 pM) or with 0.5% BSA for [125I]rT3
(100,000 cpm; 250 pM) and [125I]T3 (50,000 cpm; 50 pM). The free fraction
of Tetrac was 1% that of T4 (in medium with 0.1 and with 0.5% BSA), and
the free fraction of rT3 was half that of T3. Uptake of the four tracers
increased sharply up to 1 h of incubation and then leveled off. Expressed
as femtomoles per pM free hormone, uptake at equilibrium was 1.16 +/- 0.16
(n = 6) for Tetrac, 0.15 +/- 0.01 (n = 6) for T4, 0.023 +/- 0.003 (n = 6)
for rT3, and 0.21 +/- 0.02 (n = 6) for T3. Cell-associated radioactivity
after incubation for 24 h with [125I]Tetrac was represented for 15% by
[125I]Triac; after incubation with [125I]T4 for 15-20% by [125I]T3, after
incubation with [125I]rT3 for 6% by [125I]3,3'-T2, while [125I]T3 was
still for 98% [125I]T3. Exposure of cells for 2 h to 100 nM TRH stimulated
TSH release by 90-135%. Tetrac was effective in reducing this response at
a free concentration of 0.05 pM, but rT3 was effective only at a free
concentration of 16 nM. A free Tetrac concentration of 5 pM was equally
effective as 50 pM free T4 in reducing the TSH response to TRH. In human
serum, Tetrac was exclusively bound to T4-binding prealbumin. The free
Tetrac fraction was 0.001% in control subjects and rose 2- to 12-fold in
patients with nonthyroidal illness. As uptake of [125I]Tetrac in the
pituitary was higher than that of T4 and T3, and it was more potent than
T4 in reducing TSH release, Tetrac may be of potential significance for
the regulation of TSH secretion in vivo
What works for irregular migrants in the Netherlands?</
This contribution provides an overview of the extent to which rehabilitation instruments and opportunities are accessible for irregular migrants who are serving a criminal sanction in the Netherlands. It shows that irregular migrants are largely excluded from criminal sanctions that have rehabilitation as a central aim and from rehabilitation opportunities that are provided during the implementation of criminal sanctions. These findings raise questions concerning the legal legitimacy of largely excluding irregular migrants from rehabilitation opportunities and the way in which irregular migrants prepare themselves for their return to society in practice
Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on expanding preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context
Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit