Informed Consent in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the relationship between malpractice prevalence and patient's ignorance of the right to information, as well as obstacles that affect the implementation of the right to information, including how alternatives can be used to overcome obstacles in order to protect the interests of patients as recipients of health services and provide legal certainty to paramedics/doctors who provide health services. This research is normative legal research which is descriptive-analysis by using statute approach, comparative approach and conceptive approach. The results of the study found that therapeutic transactions were agreements between physicians and patients in the form of legal relationships that gave birth to rights and obligations for both parties. Information on medical action should be given to the patient, whether requested or not requested by the patient. Holding information should not, unless the physician judges that the information may harm the health of the patient. While the legal protection for the patient in relation to one of the rights of the patient that is the right to information of the patient can be found in some of the provisions in force in Indonesia, among others; Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 Year 1999 regarding Consumer Protection, Decree of the Executive Board. IDI Number 319/PB/A4/88, Government of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number 32 Year 1996 regarding Paramedics, and Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 29 Year 2004 regarding Medical Practice. Constraints in the delivery of information is a problem of language use difficult to understand by the patient, the limit on the amount of information that can be given is not clear. Keywords: Informed Consent, Malpractice, Patient Information Right, Paramedics, Legal Protectio

New Symmetric and Planar Designs of Reversible Full-Adders/Subtractors in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging nanotechnologies, promising alternative to CMOS technology due to faster speed, smaller size, lower power consumption, higher scale integration and higher switching frequency. Also, power dissipation is the main limitation of all the nano electronics design techniques including the QCA. Researchers have proposed the various mechanisms to limit this problem. Among them, reversible computing is considered as the reliable solution to lower the power dissipation. On the other hand, adders are fundamental circuits for most digital systems. In this paper, Innovation is divided to three sections. In the first section, a method for converting irreversible functions to a reversible one is presented. This method has advantages such as: converting of irreversible functions to reversible one directly and as optimal. So, in this method, sub-optimal methods of using of conventional reversible blocks such as Toffoli and Fredkin are not used, having of minimum number of garbage outputs and so on. Then, Using the method, two new symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders are presented. In the second section, a new symmetric, planar and fault tolerant five-input majority gate is proposed. Based on the designed gate, a reversible full-adder are presented. Also, for this gate, a fault-tolerant analysis is proposed. And in the third section, three new 8-bit reversible full-adder/subtractors are designed based on full-adders/subtractors proposed in the second section. The results are indicative of the outperformance of the proposed designs in comparison to the best available ones in terms of area, complexity, delay, reversible/irreversible layout, and also in logic level in terms of garbage outputs, control inputs, number of majority and NOT gates

New Symmetric and Planar Designs of Reversible Full-Adders/Subtractors in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging nanotechnologies, promising alternative to CMOS technology due to faster speed, smaller size, lower power consumption, higher scale integration and higher switching frequency. Also, power dissipation is the main limitation of all the nano electronics design techniques including the QCA. Researchers have proposed the various mechanisms to limit this problem. Among them, reversible computing is considered as the reliable solution to lower the power dissipation. On the other hand, adders are fundamental circuits for most digital systems. In this paper, Innovation is divided to three sections. In the first section, a method for converting irreversible functions to a reversible one is presented. This method has advantages such as: converting of irreversible functions to reversible one directly and as optimal. So, in this method, sub-optimal methods of using of conventional reversible blocks such as Toffoli and Fredkin are not used, having of minimum number of garbage outputs and so on. Then, Using the method, two new symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders are presented. In the second section, a new symmetric, planar and fault tolerant five-input majority gate is proposed. Based on the designed gate, a reversible full-adder are presented. Also, for this gate, a fault-tolerant analysis is proposed. And in the third section, three new 8-bit reversible full-adder/subtractors are designed based on full-adders/subtractors proposed in the second section. The results are indicative of the outperformance of the proposed designs in comparison to the best available ones in terms of area, complexity, delay, reversible/irreversible layout, and also in logic level in terms of garbage outputs, control inputs, number of majority and NOT gates

Seismic Retrofit of Defective RC Beam-Column Joints

Strong earthquakes always occur in countries with seismic risk and can potentially cause multiple deaths. This study investigates the seismic vulnerability of RC beam-column connections. Generally, it is impractical to simultaneously set up the molds of the concrete beam, ceiling and column and achieve a uniform concrete and this can cause numerous constructional deficiencies. Usually, these deficiencies can be instrumental in the failure of RC frames. Therefore, this study investigates the performance of a defective RC beam-column connection and provides a method to improve the behavior of the connection. The defective connection studied herein belongs to a high school in the city of Kermanshah, Iran. Many factors that affect the performance of the retrofitting designs are studied. Also, all of the parameters used in the analyses were obtained based upon the actual behavior of the material through core extraction and tensile tests. Finally, an optimal design is proposed

LEGAL PROTECTION FOR NURSES IN PROVIDING HEALTH SERVICES IN HOSPITALS

Legal protection of nurses in carrying out their profession to provide health services in hospitals, is a very basic thing to maximize the duties of nurses in serving clients / communities. The legal protection has been regulated in various laws and regulations, namely the Health Law, Hospital Law, Health Worker Law, Nursing Law and Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number 4 Year 2018 concerning Patient Obligations and Hospital Obligations. However, this legislation only regulates the legal protection of nurses in civil cases, where the actions of nurses are considered detrimental to the client, in criminal cases there is no clear Government policy regarding legal protection for nurses, especially for nurses who have not been proven guilty but have been put in custody because it is suspected of making a mistake or negligence in nursing practice. Keywords: health services, hospitals, legal protection, nurses. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/83-18 Publication date:March 31st 201

Legal Framework of Recognition of Indigenous People Rights Over Land Rights

The law is not only about the rules and how to maintain it, but it is also a legal rule that must be justified by common sense, whether it is worth, (right, good, worthy) for humans (individuals or groups)... Exploitation of the natural resources has lead to many cases, causing casualties among the people and the security forces. The main cause is the violation of the rights of indigenous people on their own land. Constitutional Court Decision particularly in testing the law against the 1945 Constitution has clarified the meaning of the principle that state has preserved rights to rule the earth, water, space and natural riches contained therein which mentioned in Article 33 paragraph (3). It dose not mean that state owned it, inspite the State only formulate policies (beleid), make regulations (regelendaad), perform maintenance (bestuurrdaad), managing (beheerdaad), and control (toezichthoudendaad).Therefore, legal framework will put in 3 (three) approaches, as followings: (1) international laws; (2) national laws either in form of law or the Government Decree; and (3) the lOcal Reulation called PERDA. Keywords: Legal Framework, Recognition of Indigeneous People Rights, and Land Rights

Beyond Strong Coupling in a Massively Multimode Cavity

The study of light-matter interaction has seen a resurgence in recent years, stimulated by highly controllable, precise, and modular experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The achievement of strong coupling, where the coupling between a single atom and fundamental cavity mode exceeds the decay rates, was a major milestone that opened the doors to a multitude of new investigations. Here we introduce multimode strong coupling (MMSC), where the coupling is comparable to the free spectral range (FSR) of the cavity, i.e. the rate at which a qubit can absorb a photon from the cavity is comparable to the round trip transit rate of a photon in the cavity. We realize, via the circuit QED architecture, the first experiment accessing the MMSC regime, and report remarkably widespread and structured resonance fluorescence, whose origin extends beyond cavity enhancement of sidebands. Our results capture complex multimode, multiphoton processes, and the emergence of ultranarrow linewidths. Beyond the novel phenomena presented here, MMSC opens a major new direction in the exploration of light-matter interactions.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures. References added, typos correcte

Government Responsibility for Health Right Service in field of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Hospital

The quality of the hospital is very much determined by two main factors, namely the service by hospital staff and the building and infrastructure of the hospital itself. In contrast to numerous studies and case reports on the physical complications of genital mutilation, little scientific research is available on the sexual and psychological effects of the practice. The impact that can be caused when both of these factors are not met with good is the poor hospital services, both in normal circumstances and during a disaster. Likewise, if there is an incident of malpractice in a hospital of the same type, then the law enforcement officers will easily to examine by simply checking the service standards set by the government by looking the type of hospital. It recommended that the government should be responsible establish the National Service Standards in each hospital of the same type in which it should have the same standard operating procedures in its care. In this context, the Provincial Government of South Sulawesi established a legal institution that houses hospitals or patients so that not only patients have the right to complain about their disappointment with hospital services, but hospitals can complain about patients violating the rules set by the government so that the principle of justice is achieved. Keywords: Obstetrics and Gynecology; Responsibility; Health Right; Local Governmen