The effect of maternal pregnancy body mass index as a measure of pregnancy weight gain on neonatal birth weight in Maiduguri metropolitan council of Borno state, Nigeria The effect of maternal pregnancy body mass index as a measure of pregnancy weight gai

ABSTRACT Aim: The effect of maternal pregnancy body mass index as a measure of pregnancy weight gain on neonatal birth weight outcome in the labor ward of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Methods: One hundred and four mother-neonatal pairs were selected using systematic random sampling method. Maternal pregnancy body mass index was calculated from maternal weight and height using the formula maternal body weight divided by the square of maternal height in kilogram/meter square (kg/m 2 ), and neonatal birth weight was assessed using the bassinet weighing scale. Chi-square test of association was used to investigate the effect of maternal pregnancy BMI on neonatal birth weights. Results: There were 55 (52.9 %) males and 49 (47.1 %) females. The male to female ratio is 1.1:1. The mean (SD) neonatal birth weight was 3.02 (0.58), 95 CI (2.91 -3.14), whereas the mean (SD) maternal pregnancy body mass index was 23.69 (4.33), 95 CI (22.84 -24.53). Association between neonatal birth weight and maternal body mass index was not significant (χ 2 = 0.974, p = 0.614) in this study. Conclusion: Our work has demonstrated that maternal pregnancy BMI may not contribute significantly to birth weight outcome of neonates. However, further research in this regard is hereby recommended

Neonatal Tetanus Immunity in Nigeria: The Effect of HIV Infection on Serum Levels and Transplacental Transfer of Antibodies

Background. Tetanus toxoid immunisation of pregnant mother has remained the most effective strategy in eliminating neonatal tetanus. Impaired production and/or transplacental transfer of antibodies may affect the effectiveness of this strategy. We studied the effect of maternal HIV infection on serum levels and transplacental transfer of anti-tetanus antibodies. Methods. A total of 162 mother-baby paired serum samples were taken and analysed for anti-tetanus antibody levels using ELISA. Maternal HIV status was also determined by double ELISA technique. Maternal TT vaccination status was also documented. Results. Thirty-eight (23.5%) mothers and 41 (25.3%) babies were seronegative, out of whom 8 mothers were HIV positive and 9 babies were HIV exposed. HIV infected mothers and HIV exposed infants were, respectively, 16.27 times (OR = 16.27, 95% CI = 3.28 to 80.61) and 33.75 times (OR = 33.75, 95% CI = 4.12 to 276.40) more likely to be seronegative for anti-tetanus antibody. Similarly, HIV positive mother-newborn pairs were 7.46 times more likely to have a poor transplacental transfer of tetanus antibodies (OR = 7.46, 95% CI = 1.96 to 28.41). Conclusions. Maternal HIV infection is associated with impaired maternofoetal transfer of anti-tetanus antibodies and seronegativity among mothers and their newborns. Hence, this may hinder efforts to eliminate neonatal tetanus

Survey of poliovirus antibodies in Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria

<div><p>Background</p><p>Nigeria remains one of only three polio-endemic countries in the world. In 2016, after an absence of 2 years, wild poliovirus serotype 1 was again detected in North-Eastern Nigeria. To better guide programmatic action, we assessed the immunity status of infants and children in Borno and Yobe states, and evaluated the impact of recently introduced inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on antibody seroprevalence.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>We conducted a facility-based study of seroprevalence to poliovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 among health-seeking patients in two sites each of Borno and Yobe States. Enrolment was conducted amongst children 6–9 and 36–47 months of age attending the paediatrics outpatient department of the selected hospitals in the two states between 11 January and 5 February 2016. Detailed demographic and immunization history of the child was taken and an assessment of the child’s health and nutritional state was conducted via physical examination. Blood was collected to test for levels of neutralizing antibody titres against the three poliovirus serotypes. The seroprevalence in the two age groups, potential determinants of seropositivity and the impact of one dose of IPV on humoral immunity were assessed. A total of 583 subjects were enrolled and provided sufficient quantities of serum for testing. Among 6-9-month-old infants, the seroprevalence was 81% (74–87%), 86% (79–91%), and 72% (65–79%) in Borno State, and 75% (67–81%), 74% (66–81%) and 69% (61–76%) in Yobe States, for serotypes-1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among children aged 36–47 months, the seroprevalence was >90% in both states for all three serotypes, with the exception of type 3 seroprevalence in Borno [87% (80–91%)]. Median reciprocal anti-polio neutralizing antibody titers were consistently >900 for serotypes 1 and 2 across age groups and states; with lower estimates for serotype 3, particularly in Borno. IPV received in routine immunization was found to be a significant determinant of seropositivity and anti-polio neutralizing antibodies among 6-9-month-old infants for serotypes 1 and 3, but demonstrated a non-significant positive association for serotype 2. Children receiving IPV through SIAs demonstrated significantly higher anti-polio neutralizing antibodies for serotypes 1 and 3.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The seroprevalence to poliovirus remains suboptimal in both Borno and Yobe States in Nigeria. The low seroprevalence facilitated the continued transmission of both wild serotype 1 and serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus detected in Borno State in 2016. Further efforts are necessary to improve the immunity status of these populations to ensure sufficient population immunity to interrupt transmission.</p></div

Median reciprocal antibody titers by IPV status.

<p>Median reciprocal antibody titers by IPV status.</p

Univariate analysis of predictors of seropositivity among subjects 6–9 months by demographic or other attributes, Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria, 2016.

<p>SIA = supplementary immunization activity; RI = routine immunization; OPV = oral poliovirus vaccine; n = number of children; N = total number of children.</p

Multivariate analysis of predictors of seropositivity among subjects 6–9 months by demographic or other attributes Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria, 2013.

<p>RI = routine immunization; P-value indicates significance based on best fitting model for each poliovirus serotype.</p

Demographic information of study children in Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria, 2016.

<p>SIA = supplementary immunization activity; RI = routine immunization; OPV = oral poliovirus vaccine; n = number of children; N = total number of children.</p

Additional impact of IPV on seropositivity in Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria, 2013.

<p>IPV in routine immunisation (RI) in 6–9 month olds and IPV in supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) in 36–47 month olds. Analysis restricted to children receiving at least 3 OPV doses. SIA = supplementary immunization activity; RI = routine immunization; OPV = oral poliovirus vaccine; IPV = inactivated poliovirus vaccine; n = number of children; N = total number of children.</p

Seroprevalence and 95% confidence intervals, by poliovirus serotype and age group, Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria, 2016.

<p>(A) Borno; and (B) Yobe.</p