Lunar South Pole ice as heat sink for Lunar cryofuel production system

Recent Clementine bistatic radar data suggest that water ice may be present in a {open_quotes}forever shaded{close_quotes} depression or crater at the South Pole of the Moon. The ice is a feedstock for the electrolysis production of cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen rocket fuels for a transportation system on the moon and for leaving and descending on to the moon. The ice also provides a convective heat sink critical to the practical implementation of high throughput electric power generators and refrigerators that liquefy and cool the oxygen and hydrogen into cryogenic rocket fuel. This brief analysis shows that about a hundred tonnes of hardware delivered to the lunar surface can produce tens of thousands of tonnes of rocket fuel per year, on the moon. And it makes the point that if convective cooling is used instead of radiative cooling, then power and processing systems can be used that exist and have been tested already. This shortens the time by an order of magnitude to develop lunar operations. Quick deployment of a chemical cryofuel energy source is a key factor in the economics of lunar development

Best Estimate Safety Analysis for Nuclear Power Plants: Uncertainty Evaluation. IAEA Safety Report Series

Deterministic safety analysis (frequently referred to as accident analysis) is an important tool for confirming the adequacy and efficiency of provisions within the defence in depth concept for the safety of nuclear power plants. Requirements and guidance pertaining to the scope and content of accident analysis have been described in various IAEA publications. To a certain extent, accident analysis is covered in several publications of the revised Safety Standards Series, mainly in the Safety Requirements on design (Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design, Safety Standards Series No. NS-R-1) and in the Safety Guide on Safety Assessment and Verification for Nuclear Power Plants (Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-1.2). More detailed guidance has been included in the IAEA safety report on Accident Analysis for Nuclear Power Plants (Safety Reports Series No. 23). The safety report covers all the steps required for accident analyses (i.e. selection of initiating events and acceptance criteria, selection of computer codes and modelling assumptions, preparation of input data and presentation of the calculation results). The aforementioned safety standards and safety report recommend as one of the options for demonstrating the inclusion of adequate safety margins the use of best estimate computer codes with realistic input data in combination with the evaluation of uncertainties in the calculation results. For the evaluation of uncertainties, the sharing of experience and provision of guidance are elements of vital importance. This report has therefore been developed to complement the safety standards and the safety report referred to above. It provides more detailed information on the methods available for the evaluation of uncertainties in deterministic safety analysis for nuclear power plants and provides practical guidance in the use of these methods. This report is directed towards analysts coordinating, performing or reviewing best estimate accident analysis for nuclear power plants, both on the utility side and on the regulatory side. It also provides background material for relevant IAEA activities such as seminars, training courses and workshops. Thanks are due to V. Landauer for the preparation of the manuscript. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was S. Lee of the Division of Nuclear Installation Safety

Evaluation of the botanical origin of commercial dry bee pollen load batches using pollen analysis: a proposal for technical standardization

High quality of bee pollen for commercial purpose is required. In order to attend the consumer with the best identification of the botanical and floral origin of the product, 25 bee pollen batches were investigated using two techniques of pollen grain preparation. The first started to identify pollen loads of different colors in two grams of each well mixed batch, and the second to identify pollen grains in a pool made of all the pollen loads comprised in two grams. The best result was obtained by this last technique, when a pollen grain suspension was dropped on a microscope slide and circa 500 pollen grains were counted per sample. This analysis resulted in the recognition of monofloral and bifloral pollen batches, while the use of the first technique resulted in all samples receiving a heterofloral diagnosis.<br>É exigida alta qualidade para a comercialização de pólen apícola. A fim de atender o consumidor com a melhor identificação da origem botânica e floral do produto, 25 partidas de pólen apícola feram investigadas usande duas diferentes técnicas na preparação dos grãos de pólen. A primeira partiu da identificação das cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada partida bem misturada segundo suas cores. A segunda visava identificar os grãos de pólen de um agrupamento ("pool") de todas as cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada amostra. O melhor resultado foi obtido pela última técnica, quando uma suspensão de grãos de pólen era gotejada sobre uma lâmina de microscopia e cerca de 500 grãos de pólen eram centades por amostra. Esta análise resultou no reconhecimento de partidas monoflorais e biflorais de pólen apícola, enquanto que usando a primeira técnica, todas as amostras receberam a diagnose heterefloral