Stress coping pattern among pre-operative patients and relations to their background

術前訪問のストレス状態を軽減するための一手段として，手術室の看護者により術前訪問が行われている。患者自身のストレスの状態とその対処法が異なっていることは従来の研究より明らかであるが，このような個々の術前患者の対処状況に応じた術前訪問については，充分に行えていないのが現状である。患者のストレス状態は患者背景と関係しており，さらにはその対処行為をパターン化できるものと考え，この対処行為のパターンと，背景因子との関わりを明らかにし，それらを考慮した術前訪問のあり方を考えることを目的として本研究を行った。対象は1週間以内に手術予定の患者20名とした。データは面接による半構成的な質問に対する対象者の自由な回答を記録して収集した。質問内容は，1．対象者の背景要因としての「経験」「自己認知」「環境要因」2．対象者の心理状態・ストレス認知・対処について，「病気を発見した時」、「入院の必要性の説明を受けた時」「手術の必要性の説明を受けた時」「現在」の4つの時点についての心理状態，ストレスの認知，対処法について回想法によるものとした。対象者は男性11名，女性9名で，平均年齢は57.7±15.9歳であった。各事例における4時点での対処行為をパターン化したところ，A ：「積極的対処」B：「回避」C：「おまかせ」D：「積極的対処」→「おまかせ」E：「回避」→「積極的対処」F：「回避」→「積極的対処」→「おまかせ」G：「回避」→「おまかせ」の7パターンに分類された。患者背景要因と対処法の関係については，次の2点が明らかとなった。1）ストレス対処に「問題状況の再認知」または「おまかせ」を用いていた患者は，癌告知を受けており，ストレス状態の軽減傾向が特徴的であった。それに対して，「回避」を主に用いていた患者は，未告知事例や疾患について曖昧な解釈の事例が集中しており，ストレス状態が特徴的であった。2）性格を「神経質」「辛抱強い」と自己評価した患者の対処行為として，「積極的対処」が共通して用いられていた。Operating room nurses visit the pre-operating patients before the operation. This visit is designed to inform the patients and reduce their stress. But the stress level of each patient and their ability for dealing with stress may vary. The purpose of this study is to investigate stress-coping patterns of pre-operative patients. Twenty patients at the University Hospital of Chugoku Region in Japan volunteered for this study. Subjects consisted of 11 males and 9 females with average of 57.7 years old. An interviewer obtained data using an original semi-structured questionnaire after getting informed consent. Items of questionnaire were patient's background, his/her psychological status, stress recognition. The patients' coping mechanisms were evaluated using the recollection method at 4 different time points: a) when the patient's disease was diagnosed, b) when the patient was informed of the need for hospitalization, c) when the patient was informed of the need for operation, and d) at the time of the operation. We found common patterns of coping among them, which were classified into 7 categories: A) positive action at any situations, B) evasion, C) leaving, D) positive action and leaving, E) evasion and positive action, F) evasion, positive action and leaving, G) evasion and leaving. The following 2 points were noted between the patients' background and coping mechanisms: 1) Patients using "re-acknowledgment or leaving" pattern were informed well about their disease and did not feel stress from their situation. 2) Patients taking positive actions recognized their character as "nervous about their situation" or "patient"

Evaluation of <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> L-Tyrosine Decarboxylase Using L-Tyrosine Over-Producing <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

<div><p>To demonstrate that herbaceous biomass is a versatile gene resource, we focused on the model plant <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i>, and screened the <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> for homologs of tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), which is involved in the modification of aromatic compounds. A total of 5 candidate genes were identified in cDNA libraries of <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> and were introduced into <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> to evaluate TDC expression and tyramine production. It is suggested that two TDCs encoded in the transcripts Bradi2g51120.1 and Bradi2g51170.1 have L-tyrosine decarboxylation activity. Bradi2g51170.1 was introduced into the L-tyrosine over-producing strain of <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i> that was constructed by the introduction of mutant genes that promote deregulated feedback inhibition. The amount of tyramine produced by the resulting transformant was 6.6-fold higher (approximately 200 mg/L) than the control strain, indicating that <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> TDC effectively converts L-tyrosine to tyramine. Our results suggest that <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i> possesses enzymes that are capable of modifying aromatic residues, and that <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i> is a suitable host for the production of L-tyrosine derivatives.</p></div

Strains, plasmids, transformants, and oligonucleotide primers used in this study.

<p>Strains, plasmids, transformants, and oligonucleotide primers used in this study.</p

Proposed biosynthesis pathway for tyramine (ARO3, ARO4; 3-deoxy-D-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase: ARO7; chorismate mutase: TDC; L-tyrosine decarboxylase).

<p>ARO3, ARO4 and ARO7 are derived from <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i>, whereas TDC is originated from <i>B</i>. <i>distachyon</i>.</p