The labor market in the rural area of the Republic of Moldova

Any economic activity, under the conditions of a market economy, objectively associates the factor of production capital, with another essential factor, the labor factor, which is obtained through the labor market, thus constituting a market economy subsystem. The labor market is one of the most important elements of the market economy. The functioning of the labor market is influenced both by the economic factors and by the social-institutional nature. Economic factors are especially important for labor demand. Labor supply is modeled at the same time by economic factors (salary level as the price of this factor), but also by factors with a social or institutional coloration

Development of the health protection system for the healing of the health capital

The health of the population is a basic element in the harmonious development of the state and a key element of economic security being in direct correlation with the state of the national economy and the political stability of society. Funding is one of the main factors determining the sustainable functioning of the health system and creates favorable conditions for meeting the needs and demand of the population in health services with the appropriate quality and volume. The effects or impact of research is the specification of ways to significantly improve the correlation and coordination capacity in health care, including effect on the efficiency of the system. The financial effects concern: ensuring the financial protection of the population; increasing the efficiency of the health services delivery system by streamlining the distribution of financial resources; ensuring the transparency of the health system; increasing the funding of the health system. On the other hand, the possible non-financial effects are expressed by: improving the health status of the population; increasing access and equity to necessary medical services; improving the quality of the services provided; rationalizing the use of health system resources; correlating the consumption of health services with the needs of the population

Fiscal instruments through the impact of macroeconomic and structural factors and parameters of the market economy

The existence of a functioning market economy is a prerequisite for the Republic of Moldova to successfully develop its capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU. Therefore, at the beginning of the transition period, when the creation and reformation of the public expenditure, taxes, and tax systems was sought in order to ensure their compatibility with the market economy mechanisms along with the changes in the structures of the financial institutions and the national public budget, the functions of the fiscal policy were reasonably focused on the priority role of ensuring the main governmental functions. Over the next few years, after the overall restructuring of the fiscal system, its mechanisms had different effects from what it was expected, in the conditions of a management that proved not to be performing well. This article, in fact, involves dealing with a very complex issue and with numerous and varied interdependencies on the fiscal instruments and the functionality of the national economy

Biomimetic Calcium Phosphates Derived from Marine and Land Bioresources

This chapter aims to establish the key factors for technological optimization of biogenic calcium phosphate synthesis from marine and land resources. Three natural calcium sources—marble, seashell and bovine bone—were considered as raw materials. The proposed materials are suitable candidates for the synthesis of bone substitutes similar to the inorganic bone component. The synthesis processes were developed based on the investigations of thermal phenomena (TGA-DSC analysis) that can occur during thermal treatments. By this method, we were able to determine the optimum routes and temperatures for the complete dissociation of calcium carbonate as well as risk-free deproteinization of bovine bone. An exhaustive characterization, performed with modern and complementary techniques such as morphology (SEM), composition (EDS, XRF) and structure (FT-IR, XRD), is presented for each precursor. The final chemical composition of ceramic products can be modulated through a careful control of the key parameters involved in the conversion, in order to create long-term performant biphasic apatite biomaterials, with broad medical applicability. Identifying the suitable strategies for this modulation contributes to an appreciable advance in orthopedic tissue engineering

Facile synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite particles for high value nanocomposites and biomaterials

Lately Hydroxyapatite has gained a lot of research interest and intense focus due to its structural as well as compositional similarity to the components of human bone mineral. The conversion of calcium-rich precursors to hydroxyapatite could lead to the development of a new sustainable alternative with a valuable environmental and socio-economically impact. Still, current approaches faces lots of challenges in terms of synthesis parameters compatible to a reproducible route for calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite included) synthesis. The optimization of Rathje synthesis route and characterization of biogenic derived calcium phosphates from dolomitic marble and Mytilus galloprovincialis seashells, constitutes the main goals of this study. The synthesized materials were characterized using FTIR, SEM coupled with EDS, and X-ray diffraction at all synthesis stages. Precursors were also subjected to thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry for thermal transformations investigations and dissociation temperature setting. This study suggests that acid quantity and magnetic stirring are the key-factors for Ca/P molar ratio adjustment, hence for the amount of naturally-derived hydroxyapatite. This research also contributes to the development of new strategies for further optimization of the conversion procedure and removal of residual components

Irrigation regime for bean beans in the conditions of the Romanian Plain

Unlike other crops, beans have moderate moisture requirements, but are very sensitive to moisture deficiency during flowering and grain formation. It has been established that in the short interval between these phenophases the sensitivity is maximum both in case of excess moisture and moisture deficit. Research has shown that the lack of water during flowering and fruiting greatly reduces production by shortening the duration of these phases of vegetation, by reducing pollen fertility, reducing pods and grain weight. The sensitivity of beans to the deficiency of vapor saturation in the atmosphere during flowering also has negative effects on the harvest. In order to determine to what extent the years of experimentation approach or deviate from the climatic conditions typical of the experimental field, monthly aridity indices were used for the series of years in which the experiments were performed at the studied farms, compared to indices of aridity from a longer period. The highest yields were obtained when the soil moisture at the beginning of flowering was at the field capacity for water and was maintained at the mentioned ceilings until the full formation of the grains. This paper summarizes the results of research on the influence of irrigation on production obtained in 2018-2021, at four farms located in the North Baragan Plain in Braila County

К вопросу политики в здравоохранении по адаптации к экстремальным температурам окружающей среды в контексте изменения климата

The article discusses the principles and approaches of the development of health policies on adaptation to extreme air temperatures – high and low. Information on the heat and cold effects on health in the European region and the Republic of Moldova is provided as an argument for the development and implementation of a national action plan. An overview of the recommendations and developed policies in Europe and analysis of the national efforts to address the problem are given. The results of the literature review and of the national study show the necessity to address and solve the problem at the national level with specific and nonspecific measures of adaptation to extreme temperatures. It is concluded that it is necessary to create the early warning system, training of health professionals, collaboration with other sectors of the economy, as well as economic assessment of social damage as a result of these meteorological phenomena.В статье рассматриваются принципы и подходы по разработке политик в здравоохранении по адаптации к экстремальным температурам воздуха – высоким и низким. Приводятся сведения по воздействию жары и холода на здоровье населения в европейском регионе и в Республике Молдова как аргументация для разработки и внедрения Национального плана действий. Представлен обзор рекомендаций и уже разработанных политик в Европе и дан анализ национальных усилий по решению этой проблемы. Результаты библиографического обзора и проведенного исследования показывают необходимость рассмотрения и решения проблемы на национальном уровне с внедрением специфических и неспецифических адаптационных мер в условиях экстремальных температур. Заключается, что для адаптации к экстремальным температурам необходимо создание системы раннего предупреждения, обучение медицинских специалистов, сотрудничество с другими отраслями экономики, а также экономическая оценка социального ущерба в результате этих метеоявлений

Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface—Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications

The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties enhancement and mechanical features reinforcement of the poly(lactic acid) matrix for composite filaments extrusion. The involvement of completely naturally derived materials in the technological process was based on factors such as sustainability, low cost, and a facile and green synthesis route. After the HA isolation and extraction from bovine bones by thermal processing, milling, and sorting, two dependent parameters—the HA particles size (<40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) and ratio (0–50% with increments of 10%)—were simultaneously modulated for the first time during the incorporation into the polymeric matrix. The resulting melt mixtures were divided for cast pellets and extruded filaments development. Based on the obtained samples, the study was further designed to examine several key features by complementary surface–volume characterization techniques. Hence, the scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT results for all specimens revealed a uniform and homogenous dispersion of HA particles and an adequate adhesion at the ceramic/polymer interface, without outline pores, sustained by the shape and surface features of the synthesized ceramic particles. Moreover, an enhanced wettability (contact angle in the ~70−21° range) and gradual mechanical takeover were indicated once the HA ratio increased, independent of the particles size, which confirmed the benefits and feasibility of evenly blending the natural ceramic/polymeric components. The results correlation led to the selection of optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of adequate composite filaments destined for future additive manufacturing and biomedical applications

Preliminary Studies on Graphene-Reinforced 3D Products Obtained by the One-Stage Sacrificial Template Method for Bone Reconstruction Applications

The bone remodeling field has shifted focus towards the delineation of products with two main critical attributes: internal architectures capable to promote fast cell colonization and good mechanical performance. In this paper, Luffa-fibers and graphene nanoplatelets were proposed as porogen template and mechanical reinforcing agent, respectively, in view of framing 3D products by a one-stage polymer-free process. The ceramic matrix was prepared through a reproducible technology, developed for the conversion of marble resources into calcium phosphates (CaP) powders. After the graphene incorporation (by mechanical and ultrasonication mixing) into the CaP matrix, and Luffa-fibers addition, the samples were evaluated in both as-admixed and thermally-treated form (compact/porous products) by complementary structural, morphological, and compositional techniques. The results confirmed the benefits of the two agents’ addition upon the compact products’ micro-porosity and the global mechanical features, inferred by compressive strength and elastic modulus determinations. For the porous products, overall optimal results were obtained at a graphene amount of <1 wt.%. Further, no influence of graphene on fibers’ ability to generate at high temperatures internal interconnected-channels-arrays was depicted. Moreover, its incorporation led to a general preservation of structural composition and stability for both the as-admixed and thermally-treated products. The developed CaP-reinforced structures sustain the premises for prospective non- and load-bearing biomedical applications

Modulated Laser Cladding of Implant-Type Coatings by Bovine-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Powder Injection on Ti6Al4V Substrates—Part I: Fabrication and Physico-Chemical Characterization

The surface physico-chemistry of metallic implants governs their successful long-term functionality for orthopedic and dentistry applications. Here, we investigated the feasibility of harmoniously combining two of the star materials currently employed in bone treatment/restoration, namely, calcium-phosphate-based bioceramics (in the form of coatings that have the capacity to enhance osseointegration) and titanium alloys (used as bulk implant materials due to their mechanical performance and lack of systemic toxicity). For the first time, bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (BHA) was layered on top of Ti6Al4V substrates using powder injection laser cladding technology, and then subjected, in this first stage of the research, to an array of physical-chemical analyses. The laser processing set-up involved the conjoined modulation of the BHA-to-Ti ratio (100 wt.% and 50 wt.%) and beam power range (500–1000 W). As such, on each metallic substrate, several overlapped strips were produced and the external surface of the cladded coatings was further investigated. The morphological and compositional (SEM/EDS) evaluations exposed fully covered metallic surfaces with ceramic-based materials, without any fragmentation and with a strong metallurgical bond. The structural (XRD, micro-Raman) analyses showed the formation of calcium titanate as the main phase up to maximum 800 W, accompanied by partial BHA decomposition and the consequential advent of tetracalcium phosphate (markedly above 600 W), independent of the BHA ratio. In addition, the hydrophilic behavior of the coatings was outlined, being linked to the varied surface textures and phase dynamism that emerged due to laser power increment for both of the employed BHA ratios. Hence, this research delineates a series of optimal laser cladding technological parameters for the adequate deposition of bioceramic layers with customized functionality