Future of cardiovascular diagnosis with the support of artificial intelligence

Introduction: Term Artificial inteligence was used for the first time by John McCarthy in 1956, from that time we can observe its great development, espiecially in the past decade.  Nowadays, Artificial inteligence present a great influence in every aspect of human life, also health care. In times of digitalizaton, great data bases it can enable an improvment in all aspects of healthcare system such as prevention, screening and treatment of diseases. Purpose:The main purpose of the work was to present the basic aspects related to artificial intelligence. Another important aspect of the article was to indicate the possibilities related to their use in cardiology to improve the effectiveness of doctors and make medical treatment more detailed and personalized, but also to clarify terms related do AI, such as machine learning or deep learning. Materials and methods: For the purpose of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. Using keywords such as artificial inteligence, cardiology, machine learning, echocardiography, deep learning, data bases PubMed we ware searching for various clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from past 5 years. Results: According to the data published on the website of the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of mortality worldwide.  It is the reason of the great interest in its use in cardiology. Algorithms based on artificial intelligence are also used in electrocardiography. The use of artificial intelligence can improve the estimation of cardiovascular risk. Its use in the healing process is also being investigated.  Conclusion: Artificial intelligence is used in many fields, including medicine. Its use may have a positive impact on the quality of medical care. Artificial intelligence also has numerous limitations. Due to this, it is necessary to develop and improve artificial intelligence

The impact of shift work and sleep deficiency on health

Shift work refers to work that takes place at different hours, including at night. It is estimated that 15% to 20% of the working population works in shift work, particularly in the healthcare, energy, communication systems, public safety, and hospitality industries. Research indicates that shift work, particularly night work, can lead to health problems such as fatigue, exposure to harmful work environments, increased risk of workplace accidents, and sleep disorders. Night work is also associated with increased risk of hypertension, nervous system dysfunction, cardiovascular dysfunction. Those working at night are also more prone to hormonal disorders, digestive disorders, lowered immunity, and cancer. Sleep-wake cycle disorders, such as excessive sleepiness during waking hours and insomnia at night, are symptoms of shift work intolerance syndrome, which can occur after several months or years of shift work. It is estimated that over 20% of shift workers suffer from sleep-wake cycle disorders, and various factors such as chronotype, age, gender, family and social obligations, medications, medical and psychiatric conditions, and shift work experience can impact tolerance of shift work. The treatment of sleep and wake disorders related to shift work includes planning for main sleep and supplementary naps, appropriate exposure to light, treatment with melatonin, taking sleeping and psychostimulant medications.&nbsp

Erythema nodosum as a manifestation of many systemic diseases

Introduction and purpose: Erythema nodosum is a most frequent form of panniculitis and it appears as erythematous, painful rounded, nodules typically localized on the pretibial area. The purpose of our review is to present diseases that can be underlying causes of erythema nodosum and to draw attention to accompanying symptoms that can guide us to the appropriate diagnosis. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Currently, erythema nodosum is thought to be a symptom associated with hypersensitivity reactions to various antigens. Although the majority of the causes are considered idiopathic, erythema nodosum may be caused by many etiological factors. Summary: Erythema nodosum is usually an acute condition that resolves without treatment. However, it can sometimes be the first sign of a serious condition - autoimmune diseases, infections or malignancy. In such cases it is essential to observe it carefully and implement appropriate diagnostics that allow us to make a correct diagnosis

Diagnosis and management of lip filler complications – a case study with literature review

Introduction Aesthetic medicine treatments are becoming more popular in the 21st century due to the changing beauty standards and the treatments’ ability to help slow down the aging process. One of the most asked for treatments is a lip filler using hyaluronic acid. The popularity and frequency of the said treatment are directly connected to the rising number of complications in this area. The right diagnosis of lip filler complications allows to implement correct management and therefore therapeutic success for the patient. The aim The aim of the work was to analyze and discuss patient’s complications and implemented medical management after lip filler treatment using hyaluronic acid. Case report An individual case study that included clinical examination, medical and photographic documentation analysis. Results The patient was diagnosed with one of the most common complications after lip filler which is swelling. The swelling was a result of an allergic reaction and was classified as severe. Medical management using corticosteroid and antihistamines was implemented with a good therapeutic outcome. Conclusions Implemented management using corticosteroids and antihistamines for severe swelling after lip filler is effective. Due to the rising number of treatments using soft tissue fillers, it is expected that more patients will present with complications after aesthetic medicine procedures

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis – classification and methods of treatment

Introduction Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of unknown etiology that affect children. According to the definition of JIA, the disease begins before the age of 16 and lasts more than 6 weeks. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) has divided juvenile idiopathic arthritis into seven categories: systemic, oligoarticular, polyarticular RF (-), polyarticular RF (+), psoriatic, enthesitis-related and undifferentiated arthritis.   Purpose  The aim of this review is to present the classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and complications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods  Literature searches in PubMed, Google Scholarship, and open source books were used to gather information. Results  Complex interactions between cells of the immune system are responsible for the pathophysiology of JIA and indicate the need to divide the disease into clinical subtypes, the heterogeneity of which requires different therapeutic actions. There are many groups of drugs with different mechanisms of action used in the treatment of JIA, including: T lymphocyte inhibitors, anti-TNFα, JAK inhibitors, IL-1 and IL-6 blockers. Despite the great progress and the commitment of scientists, there is still no treatment strategy to completely stop the development of the disease.   Conclusions   Scientific research conducted around the world has led to the recognition of numerous pathways leading to the formation of the inflammatory process and the symptoms of JIA. Knowledge of these mechanisms allows scientists to conduct research on further drugs, the aim of which is to find a treatment strategy that prevents permanent joint damage, improves treatment results, and enables sustainable remission. It is necessary to expand knowledge about the pathways responsible for the formation of the inflammatory process, the interruption of which would allow complete inhibition of the development of the disease.   &nbsp

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - increased risk of depression development. Links and risk factors

PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting up to 6-10% of women in reproductive age. Patients suffer from many manifestations of this disease including symptoms of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, androgenetic alopecia), ovulation disorders, infertility, overweight and obesity, glucose-insulin homeostasis disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes). Many studies emphasize the relationship between the presence of PCOS in patients and the appearance of depression. The median incidence of depression in women with this syndrome was 36.6%, while in the group of women without PCOS it was 14.2%. The exact mechanism of this relationship is still unknown, but many factors may play an important role in it, e.g. increased BMI, infertility, high cortisol levels, body image, vitamin D deficiency or elevated inflammation markers

Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Pregnancy

Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease with a wide spectrum of manifestations from different organs, therefore it is challenging to diagnose. The disease presents antiphospholipid antibodies such as anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA) and antiβ2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies (β2GPI). The most common symptoms include thrombosis in veins and arteries and obstretical complications such as early miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), placental insufficiency, premature labor and eclampsia. To diagnose a patient with APS certain criteria have been chosen, where at least one clinical and one laboratory criterion must be present. In many cases it takes a lot of time before a proper diagnosis has been made, when a female patient presents obstretical complications. Adequate pharmacological treatment increases the odds of live birth rate from 20-30% to 70-80%. Scientific research shows correlation between antiphospholipid syndrome, infertility and premature ovarian insufficiency. Treatment mostly consists of heparin and low-dose aspirin, in certain cases hydrochloroquine is prescribed. Aside from pharamcological therapy, it is very important to minimize the effects of modifiable risk factors. The following article focuses on complications, diagnosing and therapy in pregnant women suffering from Antiphospholipid syndrome. All sources can be found in Pubmed’s website database

Basal cell carcinoma in the elderly Cryosurgery or surgery – a case study with reference to the literature

Introduction The aging of society leads to an increase in the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC includes both superficial and nodular lesions with a good prognosis as well as foci that are difficult to treat and require a multidisciplinary approach. There are two basic methods of treating BCC, surgery to remove the tumor and cryosurgery. The paper presents a case of an 82-year-old female patient suffering from BCC in a non-advanced stage of the disease with the presentation of subsequent stages of treatment.Aim of the studyAn attempt was made to confront an alternative method of BCC treatment by cryosurgery with the first-choice procedure - surgical excision of the tumor with a margin of healthy tissues.Description of the caseAn individual clinical case study including the patient's medical records.ConclusionsThe work emphasizes the importance of comprehensive care for a patient diagnosed with BCC.Individualization of the diagnostic and therapeutic process is the basis for dealing with the elderly patient

Association between caesarean section and childhood asthma development

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the rates of caesarean section delivery, which is the most common surgical procedure in gynecology and obstetrics, are increasing globally and amount to 21%. In Poland percentage of caesarean sections (CS) is one of the highest in Europe and amount to 42.2%. The reason for this is the extension of medical indications, but also an increase in the number of CS at the request of pregnant women. Although CS can be a lifesaving procedure, it can also cause many health complications for both - the woman and the child. Numerous studies indicate that caesarean delivery is associated with childhood asthma. Several hypotheses of the pathogenesis of this relationship have been presented. One of them, which is based on the hygiene hypothesis indicates that mode of delivery can cause different bacteria colonization in infants. Lack of contact of fetus with the mother’s vaginal flora during CS labor may cause improper immune system maturation. Another hypothesis is that reduced exposure to stress hormones and mechanical forces during CS labor can indicate infant respiratory complications such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). It is suggested that these abnormalities have an impact on asthma development in later life. On the other hand, there are studies which do not confirm that mode of delivery has an influence on the induction of asthma. Due to the significant heterogeneity of studies and unclear risk factors and pathomechanism of the childhood asthma it is impossible to strong confirm the association between caesarean section and asthma developing

Association between caesarean section and childhood asthma development

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the rates of caesarean section delivery, which is the most common surgical procedure in gynecology and obstetrics, are increasing globally and amount to 21%. In Poland percentage of caesarean sections (CS) is one of the highest in Europe and amount to 42.2%. The reason for this is the extension of medical indications, but also an increase in the number of CS at the request of pregnant women. Although CS can be a lifesaving procedure, it can also cause many health complications for both - the woman and the child. Numerous studies indicate that caesarean delivery is associated with childhood asthma. Several hypotheses of the pathogenesis of this relationship have been presented. One of them, which is based on the hygiene hypothesis indicates that mode of delivery can cause different bacteria colonization in infants. Lack of contact of fetus with the mother’s vaginal flora during CS labor may cause improper immune system maturation. Another hypothesis is that reduced exposure to stress hormones and mechanical forces during CS labor can indicate infant respiratory complications such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). It is suggested that these abnormalities have an impact on asthma development in later life. On the other hand, there are studies which do not confirm that mode of delivery has an influence on the induction of asthma. Due to the significant heterogeneity of studies and unclear risk factors and pathomechanism of the childhood asthma it is impossible to strong confirm the association between caesarean section and asthma developing