The Diversification and the Privatization of the Sources of Retirement Income in Canada

Recent labour market developments in the context of population ageing have generated many changes concerning sources of retirement income. More precisely, this paper, which is based on two Statistics Canada surveys (Survey of Consumer Finances and Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics,) will look at the processes of diversification and privatisation of income sources of Canada’s retirees during the period 1980-2002. This study has used the concept of individualized income based on the economic family in order to consider economies of scale and revenue sharing. An appropriate assessment of the composition of retirement income sources has been realized, while discerning five distinct categories: net government transfer payments, CPP/QPP benefits, private pensions, investment income and employment income. The situation of older women living alone and of older immigrants has been more carefully analyzed in order to detect some particularities among those two vulnerable groups. The results of this study demonstrate that retirees’ income composition has undergone many changes. In addition, sources of retirement income have become substantially more diversified and privatized during the period under study. These adjustments are becoming essential in western societies in order to overcome the obstacles caused by population ageing that could disrupt pension systems.Retirement, pensions, financial security, Canada

Évolution de la composition du revenu des personnes âgées au Canada entre 1980 et 2002

Comment une société vieillissante peut-elle supporter financièrement un accroissement important du nombre de ses citoyens âgés ? L’OCDE a souligné l’importance de la diversité des sources de revenu à la retraite. Or on connaît mal l’évolution récente des sources de revenu des retraités au Canada. Cette étude, basée sur deux enquêtes de Statistique Canada, porte sur l’évolution de la composition du revenu des personnes âgées au Canada pendant la période 1980-2002. Plus précisément, l’auteur vérifie s’il existe une tendance à la diversification et à la privatisation des sources de revenu à la retraite. Il observe l’ensemble de la population âgée, puis prête une attention spéciale aux femmes âgées vivant seules et aux immigrants âgés. Des mesures de diversification et de privatisation des sources de revenu sont proposées. L’étude met en lumière l’évolution « tranquille » mais considérable de la société canadienne relativement à la composition du revenu des aînés au cours des deux dernières décennies.How can an aging society financially support a significantly larger population of older persons ? The OECD has emphasized the importance of diversifying sources of retirement income. Too little is however known about recent changes in income sources for Canada’s retirees. This study, which covers the period 1980-2002 and is based on two Statistics Canada surveys, explores the following questions : How did the composition of older persons’ income change in Canada during the period under study ? And, more specifically, can we detect a trend toward diversification and privatization of retirement income sources ? After considering the elderly population as a whole, the author concentrates on older unattached females and older immigrants, and then proposes measures to encourage diversification and privatization of income sources. The study highlights the gradual but substantial changes in Canadian society in regard to the composition of the elderly’s income over the past two decades

Jusqu’à quel point les baby-boomers seront-ils plus à l’aise financièrement que leurs parents au moment de leur retraite ? Revenu, patrimoine, protection offerte par les pensions et facteurs démographiques à travers les générations au Québec

Les baby-boomers prendront massivement leur retraite d’ici une vingtaine d’années. Leur sécurité financière à la retraite inquiète beaucoup notre société vieillissante. Dans cet article, l’auteur évalue les perspectives financières à la retraite des baby-boomers québécois nés entre 1946 et 1966 en comparant, à travers le cycle de vie, leur situation financière avec celle de leurs parents. Les facteurs démographiques pouvant agir sur leur situation financière à la retraite font aussi objet de la comparaison intergénérationnelle. À l’aide d’indicateurs quantitatifs ciblés, les résultats montrent que les baby-boomers sont dans une situation financière considérablement meilleure que leurs parents, si l’on fait la comparaison des deux populations au même âge de travailler, tant à l’égard du revenu, du patrimoine que de la protection en matière de pensions. Un tel avantage leur permettrait éventuellement de disposer de plus de ressources que leurs parents pour financer leur vie à la retraite. Néanmoins, le contexte démographique particulier des boomers, c’est-à-dire une espérance de vie accrue, des enfants moins nombreux, une proportion plus faible de personnes en couple ainsi qu’une propension plus élevée à vivre seul aurait pour effet de réduire cet avantage.Over the next twenty years the baby boom generation will be reaching retirement in large numbers. For our aging society their financial security in retirement is a matter of great anxiety. In this article the author uses life cycle analysis to compare the financial situation of Quebec’s baby boomers, born between 1946 and 1966, with that of their parents, and to evaluate their financial prospects in retirement. The demographic factors influencing their financial situation in retirement are also compared. Through the use of selected quantitative indicators, the results show that if we compare the two populations at the same working age, baby-boomers are in a considerably better financial position than their parents were, in terms both of income and capital and of pension provision. This comparative advantage will tend to equip them with greater resources for financing their lives in retirement than their parents enjoyed. However, features of the particular demographic context for the baby boomers — increased life expectancy, fewer children, decline in the proportions living in couples and increased propensity to live alone — are likely to have the effect of reducing this relative advantage

La pr�paration financi�re � la retraite des premiers boomers: une comparaison Qu�bec-Ontario

Since 2006, baby-boomers are beginning to reach the age of 60. This historic milestone forecasts serious challenges for our societies. In particular, the financial security of future pensioners constitutes an important issue. The present study will attempt to assess the financial preparation for retirement of the Quebec first cohorts of baby boomers born in 1946- 1955, who will retire in the forthcoming years, by comparing their situation with their Ontarian counterparts. This study is composed of four distinct parts. First, the methodology of the study will be explained. After a literature review, some indicators will be selected to measure the financial preparation to retirement from three points of view. Thus, the objective health of the financial preparation to retirement will be analyzed by comparing Quebec and Ontario. The relative situation of the Quebec first cohorts of baby boomers, illustrated by their revenue, their housing status and their patrimony, will also be explained. The third part of the study tries to compare the first cohorts of baby boomers’ subjective health of the preparation for retirement between the two provinces, for some socioeconomic categories, by using data concerning their satisfaction and their perspectives toward this issue. Finally, this study ends with a comparison of the various strategies used by the Quebec and Ontario first cohorts of baby boomers in order to assure themselves a suitable financial security for retirement, considering the actual trends of the socioeconomic conditions. The data analyzed come from various Statistics Canada surveys. In particular, demographic census data were used for the period covering 1971-2001, as well as the Survey of Financial Security (SFS) for 1999 and General Social Survey (GSS) for 2002.Baby-boomers, retirement, financial suitability, Quebec, Ontario

The dispersion measure of Fast Radio Bursts host galaxies: estimation from cosmological simulations

The dispersion measure(DM) of fast radio burst encodes important information such as its distance, properties of intervening medium. Based on simulations in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG projects, we analyze the DM of FRBs contributed by the interstellar medium and circumgalactic medium in the hosts, $\rm{DM_{host}}$. We explore two population models - tracing the star formation rate (SFR), and the stellar mass, i.e. young and old progenitors respectively. The distribution of $\rm{DM_{host}}$ shows significant differences at $z=0$ between two populations: the stellar mass model exhibits an excess at the low DM end with respect to the SFR model. The SFR (stellar mass) model has a median value of $\rm{DM_{host}}$=179 (63) $\rm{pc\, cm^{-3}}$ for galaxies with $M_*=10^{8-13}\,M_{\odot}$ in the TNG100-1. Galaxies in the Illustris-1 have a much smaller $\rm{DM_{host}}$. The distributions of $\rm{DM_{host}}$ deviate from log-normal function for both models. Furthermore, two populations differ moderately in the spatial offset from host galaxy's center, in the stellar mass function of hosts. $\rm{DM_{host}}$ increases with the stellar mass of hosts when $M_*<10^{10.5}\,M_{\odot}$, and fluctuate at higher mass. At $0<z<2$, $\rm{DM_{host}}$ increases with redshift. The differences in $\rm{DM_{host}}$ between two populations declines with increasing redshift. With more localized events available in the future, statistics such as $\rm{DM_{host}}$, the offset from galaxy center and the stellar mass function of hosts will be of great helpful to ascertain the origin of FRB. Meanwhile, statistics of $\rm{DM_{host}}$ of localized FRB events could help to constrain the baryon physics models in galaxy evolution.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Continuous Intermediate Token Learning with Implicit Motion Manifold for Keyframe Based Motion Interpolation

Deriving sophisticated 3D motions from sparse keyframes is a particularly challenging problem, due to continuity and exceptionally skeletal precision. The action features are often derivable accurately from the full series of keyframes, and thus, leveraging the global context with transformers has been a promising data-driven embedding approach. However, existing methods are often with inputs of interpolated intermediate frame for continuity using basic interpolation methods with keyframes, which result in a trivial local minimum during training. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to formulate latent motion manifolds with keyframe-based constraints, from which the continuous nature of intermediate token representations is considered. Particularly, our proposed framework consists of two stages for identifying a latent motion subspace, i.e., a keyframe encoding stage and an intermediate token generation stage, and a subsequent motion synthesis stage to extrapolate and compose motion data from manifolds. Through our extensive experiments conducted on both the LaFAN1 and CMU Mocap datasets, our proposed method demonstrates both superior interpolation accuracy and high visual similarity to ground truth motions.Comment: Accepted by CVPR 202

Synthesis of Flower-Like Cu 2

Flower-like Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoflakes were synthesized by a facile and fast one-pot solution reaction using copper(II) acetate monohydrate, zinc acetate dihydrate, tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate, and thiourea as starting materials. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The XRD patterns shown that the as-synthesized particles were kesterite CZTS and Raman scattering analysis and EDS confirmed that kesterite CZTS was the only phase of product. The results of FESEM and TEM show that the as-synthesized particles were flower-like morphology with the average size of 1~2 μm which are composed of 50 nm thick nanoflakes. UV-Vis absorption spectrum revealed CZTS nanoflakes with a direct band gap of 1.52 eV