Women in Urban Agriculture: Are the Policies Supportive? The Case of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

This paper is based on a study which examined the practice of urbanagriculture in the policy context in Morogoro Municipality. It studied how policiessupport urban agriculture as well as acknowledging its contribution to thehousehold economy. It involved in-depth survey of women who cultivate vegetablesin open spaces. Furthermore, it focuses on women’s experiences and attitudestowards practice of urban agriculture. Purposeful sampling was employed to selecttwo wards, while random sampling was used to select respondents among thewomen vegetables cultivators from the two wards. Findings show a mismatchbetween the benefits of urban farming and existing policies which affects women’sparticipation. In addition, from the findings, women’s participation in urbanagriculture contributes to food security, increases household income and reducespoverty. The paper concludes that policies are not supportive to urban farmers andwomen in particular. Thus women practise vegetable cultivation on a small scaleand end up earning little income. It is recommended that urban farmers should beassisted in transforming the practice of traditional vegetable cultivation intomodern, sustainable and environmental friendly which will increase productivity.Keywords: Urban agriculture, vegetable cultivation, women, policie

Special and Vulnerable Groups on Access, Success and Equity on Open and Distance Education in Tanzania: The Case of The Open University of Tanzania

Open and Distance Learning (ODL) assisted by the use of ICT, has proven to create significant opportunities for potential learners especially people with special needs including those living with disabilities and inmates to access higher education. ODL as a mode of instruction with the use of ICT can promote access to higher education for people with disabilities and those with special needs (the inmates). The concern is on whether the people living with disabilities and those with special needs have full access, success and equity to higher education despite the existing potentials for education. The use of ODL in higher learning institutions assisted by ICT proves to have a number of challenges especially when students with disabilities are involved in accessing and utilizing ICT, in particular the assistive technology like text-to-speech software, alternative keyboards and mice, and specialized software for students with learning disabilities. In-depth interviews were conducted to both students, academic and non academic staff from four OUT regional centres namely Kinondoni, Ilala, Morogoro and Iringa. Findings indicated that, there are various challenges in accessing education through ODL and related ICT facility due to high cost implications related to the establishment of assistive infrastructure for the students with disabilities for individual institutions to undertake; Inadequacy of personnel and especially academic staff trained to attend such students; lack of text-to-speech software, alternative keyboards and mice, and specialized software for the students; Inadequate funds to lay down the required infrastructure and related equipment. It is recommended the government and generous institutions to mobilize resources to fund the establishment of the infrastructure and purchase the related equipment to enable ODL with the use of ICT to effectively provide the education required by PLW and inmates as a human right to all. ODL through ICT can reach the unreachable in the remote areas for PLW including jailsKey Words: students with disabilities, open and distance learning, information and communication technology, access, equity and success, The Open University of Tanzani