Osobine ejakulata i reproduktivna efikasnost nerasta velikog jorkšira tokom iskorišćavanja

The main objective of this study was to assess the variability of ejaculate properties: volume of ejaculate (VOL, ml), sperm concentration (CON, spermatozoa/ml), total sperm count (NT) and the number of doses produced (NPD) per ejaculate under the influence of season, boar and the interval between two mounts. Reproductive efficiency of boars was analysed based on the farrowing rate (FR). The study included 341 ejaculates from seven Large White boars. Impact assessment was carried out by applying the GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS 9.1.3. The average values of VOL, CON, NT, NPD and FR were: 244.28 ml, 203.77x106 spermatozoa/ml, 43.48x109 spermatozoa, 17.39 doses and 67.58%. Ejaculate properties varied under the influence of season (P lt 0.01, P lt 0.001). The interval between two mounts did not affect only the variability of CON. The difference between the best and worst boars was 91.99x106 spermatozoa/ml of ejaculate (P lt 0.001). During summer VOL ejaculate was the lowest (191.36 ml). The highest NPD (19.04 doses) was produced during the autumn months, and during the same period the highest concentration of sperm was recorded (242.16x106 spermatozoa/ml). Regardless of the differences in the farrowing rate between boars not being statistically significant (P=0.0882), it is necessary to perform the ranking and promptly identify boars with farrowing rate below average.Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je da se oceni varijabilnost osobina ejakulata: volumen ejakulata(VOL, ml), koncentracija sperme (CON, spermatozoida/ml), ukupan broj spermatozoida (NT) i broj proizvedenih doza (NPD) po ejakulatu pod uticajem nerasta, sezone i intervala izmedju dva skoka. Reproduktivna efikasnost nerasta analizirana je na osnovu procenta prašenja (FR). Istraživanjem je bio obuhvaćen 341 ejakulat sedam nerasta velikog jorkšira. Ocena uticaja je izvršena primenom GLM procedure u statističkom paketu SAS 9.1.3. Prosečne vrednosti VOL, CON, NT, NPD i FR bile su: 244,28 ml, 203,77x106 spermatozoida/ml, 43,48x109 spermatozoida, 17,39 doza i 67,58%. Osobine ejakulata varirale su pod uticajem sezone (P lt 0,01; P lt 0,001). Interval između dva skoka nije uticao jedino na varijabilnost CON. Razlika izmedju najboljeg i najlošijeg nerasta bila je 91,99x106 spermatozoida/ml ejakulata (P lt 0,001). Tokom letnjih meseci VOL ejakulata bio je najmanji (191,36 ml). Najveći NPD (19,04 doza) proizveden je tokom jesenjih meseci, a tokom istog perioda bila je i najveća koncentracija sperme (242,16x106 spermatozoida/ml). Bez obzira što razlike u procentu prašenja između nerasta nisu bile statistički značajne (P=0,0882), potrebno je vršiti rangiranje i pravovremeno identifikovati neraste sa procentom prašenja ispod proseka

Naslednost i povezanost osobina veličine legla svinja utvrđena REML metodom

The aim of this study was to determine the heritability coefficients and the correlation between the number of live born piglets (NBA), the number of stillborn piglets (NSB), the number of total born piglets (NTB) and the number of weaned piglets (NW) in the part of population in Swedish Landrace sows in R. Serbia. The results obtained should enable the selection of litter size traits that would be proposed to be included in the selection - breeding program for this breed. The analysis of parameters was carried out on the basis of data on fertility of 4.061 Swedish Landrace sows and their 15.209 litters realized on two pig farms in R. Serbia. There was a genetic relationship between animals among the farms. Components of variance and covariance of observed traits, the share of additive genetic variance component in the phenotypic and correlation of traits at phenotypic and genetic levels, were evaluated using the method of Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) using the Multitrait Model (MM). Heritability estimates for the NBA, NSB, NTB and NW amounted to 6.4, 1.6, 6.7 and 1.1%, respectively. Correlation between the NBA and NTB at the phenotypic and genetic level was complete (rP = 0986, rG = 0938). Correlation between the NBA and NW at the phenotypic level has not been established, while at the genetic level it was weak. We believe that this is the result of the procedure of equalizing of litters after farrowing. In order to obtain objective genetic parameters for NW this procedure should not be applied in pure breed sows.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrde koeficijenti naslednosti i povezanosti između broja živorođene prasadi (NBA), broja mrtvorođene prasadi (NSB), broja ukupno rođene prasadi (NTB) i broja odgajene prasadi (NW) u delu populacije krmača rase švedski landras u R. Srbiji. Dobijeni rezultati treba da omoguće izbor osobina veličine legla koje bi bile predložene za uključivanje u selekcijsko - odgajivački program za ovu rasu. Ocena analiziranih parametara sprovedena je na osnovu podataka o plodnosti 4061 krmača rase švedski landras i njihovih 15209 legala ostvarenih na dve farme svinja u R. Srbiji između kojih postoji genetska povezanost među životinjama. Komponente varijanse i kovarijanse posmatranih osobina, udeo aditivne genetske komponente varijanse u fenotipskoj i povezanost osobina na fenotipskom i genetskom nivou ocenjene su metodom ograničene najveće verovatnoće (REML - Restricted Maximum Likelihood) primenom višeosobinskog modela (MM - Multitrait Model). Heritabiliteti za NBA, NSB, NTB i NW su iznosili 6.4, 1.6, 6.7 i 1.1 %, respectively. Povezanost NBA i NTB na fenotipskom i na genetskom nivou je bila potpuna (rP = 0.986, rG = 0.938). Povezanost NBA i NW na fenotipskom nivou nije utvrđena, dok je na genetskom bila slaba. Smatramo da je to posledica postupka ujednačavanja legala posle prašenja. Radi dobijanja objektivnih genetskih parametara za NW ovaj postupak ne treba primenjivati kod čistorasnih krmača

The Assessment of Breeding Value of First Farrowed Sows by the Method of Selection Indices

The goal of this research paper was to assess the breeding value of first farrowed Swedish Landrace sows by the means of selection indices method. The traits on the basis of which the breeding value of animals was assessed are following: daily liveweight gain, average thickness of collected back fat measured at five sites and number of liveborn piglets in the first litter. The liveweight gain and carcass quality traits determined at the end of performance test were corrected for the body mass of 100kg by the method of basic indexes and following mean values were determined: for corrected daily liveweight gain (KZDP) 499.92g/day and for corrected average collected backfat thickness (KSL) 20.01mm. The first farrowed sows on average produced 8.09 liveborn piglets in the litter. Studying the effect of the gilts` birth year and season on KZDP and KSL it was determined that the gilts` birth year and season had no statistically significant influence (P>0.05) on KZDP variation but they had a statistically significant effect on KSL (P lt 0.01). The year and the season of farrowing and the class of backfat thickness in performance test did not display any statistically significant effect (P>0.05) on BZPL, while the KZDP class and the age at first farrowing had a statistically significant effect on the variability of these trait (P lt 0.05; P lt 0.01). All studied traits varied statistically significantly (P lt 0.01) under the impact of the gilts` sire or dam. Heritability coefficients were: h2= 0.402 for KZDP, h2= 0.261 for KSL and h2= 0.177 for BZPL. The relation between KZDP and KSL was of a medium strength both at phenotype and genetic levels (rph=0.491; rg=0.411), while the relation of these traits with BZPL did not exist, except for the genetic relationship between KSL and KZDP which was of a medium strength (rg=0.252). Three equations for the selection indexes were constructed among which as the most optimal was chosen the one which includes all three traits (KZDP, KSL and BZPL) and whose correlation coefficent of selection index and aggregate genotype was rIAG = 0.5473

Naslednost i povezanost osobina plodnosti krmača

Purpose of this paper was to determine fertility traits heritability coefficients of the sows (number of live born, total number of born, stillborn and reared piglets in the litter) and interconnections between these traits. Heritability coefficients were low and averaged in interval from h2 = 0,056 for number of reared piglets in litter to h2 = 0,142 for total number of born piglets in litter, which is in accordance with heritability values for reproductive traits. Genetic interconnections of these traits had wide variation interval and averaged from r = - 0,221 between number of still born and reared piglets in litter to r = 0,947 between total number of born and number of live born piglets in litter. Coefficients of phenotype correlation varied in interval from r = -0,162 between number of still born and number of live born piglets in litter to r = 0,909 between total number of born and number of live born piglets in litter.Cilj rada bio je da se utvrde koeficijenti naslednosti osobina plodnosti krmača (broj živorođene, ukupno rođene, mrtvorođene i odgajene prasadi u leglu) i međusobna povezanost ovih osobina. Koeficijenti heritabiliteta su bili niski i kretali su se u intervalu od h2 = 0,056 za broj odgajene prasadi u leglu do h2 = 0,142 za broj ukupno rođene prasadi u leglu, što je u skladu sa vrednostima heritabiliteta za reproduktivne osobine. Genetska povezanost ovih osobina imala je širok interval variranja i kretala se od r = -0,221 između broja mrtvorođene i broja odgajene prasadi u leglu, do r = 0,947 između broja ukupno rođene i broja živorođene prasadi u leglu. Koeficijenti fenotipske korelacije kretali su se u intervalu od r = -0,162 između broja mrtvorođene i broja živorođene prasadi u leglu, do r = 0,909 između broja ukupno rođene i broja živorođene prasadi u leglu

Do Motility and Sperm Dose Count Affect In Vivo Fertility in Boar?

The objective of this research was to determine whether a mass sperm motility in native ejaculate and a sperm dose-count (SDC) affect in vivo boar fertility. A total of 983 ejaculates taken from Landrace (n = 16 animals), Large White (n = 19 animals) and Duroc (n = 7 animals) breed boars were analyzed. The concentration of native sperm was assessed by means of a colorimeter, and the evaluation of mass sperm motility was performed by a subjective assessment using a microscope. On average, 20.70 doses for insemination were obtained per ejaculate and they were divided into three classes (SDC = ≤2.50; 2.51–4.00; ≥ 4.01 × 109). The insemination of 7661 breeding females was performed twice. The assessment of the effect was performed by means of a general linear model in the SAS 9.1.3 statistical package, using a model that includes a breed fixed effect and linear regression effect of motility nested within the class of sperm count in a dose. Average values of return rate (%), farrowing rate (%) and litter size at birth accounted for: 15.53%, 73.41% and 12.65 live piglets, respectively. All the traits of in vivo fertility varied under the effect of breed (p < 0.001). An increase in motility by one unit (%) resulted in a decreased percentage of return rate by 0.11% (p < 0.001) in all three SDC classes. On the other hand, the farrowing rate increased by 0.12–0.13% (p < 0.001) depending on SDC class. When litter size at birth is in question, a linear regression effect of motility was determined inside SDC with the highest sperm count (b = 0.01; p < 0.05)

Case Study on Increasing Breeding Value Estimation Reliability of Reproductive Traits in Serbian Highly Prolific Large White and Landrace Sows

This study investigated the influence of the degree of connectedness on the reliability of the estimated breeding values (EBVs). The focal trait in the study was the number of piglets born alive (NBA) from sows of the highly prolific Large White and Landrace sows. An analysis included total of 58,043 farrowing’s during the 2008–2020 period. BLUP procedure was used to estimate the breeding values for NBA for the three herds separately and after merging all three herds into one herd. The model for EBV estimation included the following fixed factors: parity, genotype, seasons, litter sire, herds, sow age at farrowing, weaning-conception interval, length of previous lactation, and the following random effects: common litter environment, permanent litter environment, and direct additive genetic effect of animal. Heritability values for NBA ranged from 0.048 to 0.097, depending on the data included in the analysis. The connectedness between herds was analysed using the connectedness rating (CR) and the gene flow (GF) methods. CR among the observed herds ranged from 0.245 to 0.994%, depending on the data included. The exchange of genetic material between all three herds was determined using GF method. The high degree of connectedness determined by the CR and GF method had a strong effect on EBV reliability. The average EBV reliability ranged from 0.520 to 0.867, depending on the data included. The increase in average reliability was observed in both cases when the data were added, both in the analysis of average reliability for purebred animals and when crossbreeds were added, where an increase in this value was also observed. The increase in average EBV reliability is a consequence of the greater amount of information included in the joint evaluation. In conclusion, we believe that our research will improve EBV reliability and help in further selection work in the Republic of Serbia

Uticaj rase i načina ishrane na hemijski sastav leđnog masnog tkiva svinja kao potencijalne sirovine za biodizel

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.Cilj rada bio je da se ispita hemijski sastav leđnog masnog tkiva svinja rase mangulica i plemenitih mesnatih rasa i njihovih meleza, kao i svinja koje su hranjene hranom obogaćenom ili neobogaćenom uljem, a sve sa aspekta proizvodnje biodizela gde bi polazna sirovina za ovo gorivo bilo masno tkivo svinja. Ispitujući uticaj rase i sadržaja ulja u hrani ustanovljeno je statistički značajno variranje hemijskih karakteristika masnog tkiva svinja (sadržaja masti, vode, proteina, zasićenih i nezasićenih masnih kiselina) pod uticajem ovih faktora. Najveći sadržaj masti (89,39%) koji je ključni faktor konverzije sirovine u biodizel utvrđen je u leđnom masnom tkivu rase mangulica dok je najmanji sadržaj masti (86,10%) utvrđen u leđnoj slanini plemenitih mesnatih rasa i njihovih meleza. Najpovoljniji odnos zasićenih i nezasićenih masnih kiselina (37,92% : 62,07%) koje uslovljavaju neke fizičke osobine goriva utvrđen je u leđnoj slanini grla čija je hrana bila obogaćena uljem, a najveći udeo zasićenih masnih kiselina, odnosno najnepovoljniji masnokiselinski sastav (40,90% : 59,09%) utvrđen je u masnom tkivu grla koja su dobijala hranu siromašnu uljem. Najmanji sadržaj zasićenih masnih kiselina i vode (7,44%) kao ključnih faktora od kojih zavise cetanski broj i proces proizvodnje goriva ukazuje da je najpogodnija sirovina za proizvodnju biodizela masno tkivo grla čija je hrana sadržala određenu količinu ulja

The Share of Variance Components and Correlations Between Sow Production Traits in Different Treatments of the Litter Size (The Repeatability and Multi-Trait Models)

The share of variance components and correlations between the most important sow production traits (namely duration of fattening - DF, backfat thickness - BF and number of liveborn piglets - NBA) included in the pig breeding selection programme of the Republic of Serbia were estimated in this paper. The litter size at repeated farrowings (NBA1,..., NBA6) was treated as a separate trait (the multi-trait model), whereas the litter size at birth was treated as a trait repeated a number of times (the repeatability model)). The estimation of dispersion parameters was performed using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. The heritability of DF accounted for 23.5%, i.e. 23.3% depending on the model used, whereas BF accounted for 40.4% in both cases. The heritability of the litter size in consecutive farrowings (the multi-trait model) were in intervals ranging between 0.104 (NBA1) and 0.136 (NBA5). The heritability of NBA in the repeatability treatment accounted for 0.106, whereas the common litter environment and the permanent sow influence contributed to the total variability with 1.1% and 5.6%, respectively. Genetic correlations between the traits examined were not determined, with the exception of consecutive farrowings in the multi-trait treatment of the litter size. The genetic correlations recorded in this case proved positive and complete, with the exception of the correlation between the first and subsequent farrowings (farrowings 3 to 6) and the correlation between the second and the last farrowings (farrowings 5 and 6), which proved very strong

Assessment of the Real Estate Market Value in the European Market by Artificial Neural Networks Application

Using an artificial neural network, it is possible with the precision of the input data to show the dependence of the property price from variable inputs. It is meant to make a forecast that can be used for different purposes (accounting, sales, etc.), but also for the feasibility of building objects, as the sales price forecast is calculated. The aim of the research was to construct a prognostic model of the real estate market value in the EU countries depending on the impact of macroeconomic indicators. The available input data demonstrates that macroeconomic variables influence determination of real estate prices. The authors sought to obtain correct output data which show prices forecast in the real estate markets of the observed countries