Keratabasa : Javanese folk etymology

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A preliminary study of Belitung Malay

This is a preliminary study of Belitung Malay (BM), a vernacular Malay dialect spoken on Belitung Island. Following an outline of the BM sociolinguistic situation, some structural features are described. Phonologically, BM exhibits features similar to those of Bangka Malay, such as the loss of Proto-Malay h and the presence of root final ʔ, which is absent in Proto-Malay. Most Proto-Malayic affixes are retained in BM, among which verbs with the applicative suffix -eʔ, a reflex of Proto-Malayic suffix -i, exhibit a wider domain of semantics, such as (simple) causative and benefactive, as well as locative; the former overlaps with verbs with another applicative BM suffix, -kan. In addition, BM has a definite clitic =ə. It has three types of transitive constructions: active, passive, and bare verb constructions, the last being used when an agent pronoun occurs before the verb

A Dialect in the Face of the Standard: A Japanese Case Study

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995

Characteristics of a Monoacylglycerol Lipase Isolated from Pseudomonas sp. LP7315 -Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Monoglycerides

A monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) was purified from Pseudomonas sp. LP7315 by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel with a molecular mass of 59 kDa. Its hydrolytic activity was confirmed to be specific for monoglycerides: the enzyme did not hydrolyze diand triglycerides. MGL was found to be stable even after l-h incubation at 65℃. The hydrolytic activity depended not only on temperature and pH but also on the type of monoglyceride used. MGL also catalyzed monoglyceride synthesis at 65℃ in a solvent-free two-phase system, in which fatty acid droplets were dispersed in the glycerol phase with a low water content. The synthetic reaction proceeded at a constant rate for approximately 24 h and reached an equilibrium after 48 h of reaction. The initial rate of the synthetic reaction depended on several factors: the type of fatty acid used as the substrate, the amounts of fatty acid and glycerol, and the concentration of MGL in the glycerol phase. To analyze the effects of these factors, a kinetic model was developed based on the assumption that the adsorption equilibrium of MGL molecules at the interface between the two phases is the rate-determining factor for the synthetic reaction. The model was found to yield a good approximation of the initial synthetic rate under various reaction conditions. The analysis suggests that the adsorption behavior of MGL onto the interface had a large effect on the initial rate of the monoglyceride synthesis

Israeli Maxims for Answering Questions

イスラエル人の会話法は形式,儀礼的なものを好まず,非常に直接的だという.実際,公的な場で道を聞いたり,サービス・カウンターで買い物をしたりするとき,そのイスラエル人の応対の仕方に非イスラエル人は戸惑う.ここでは,会話のデータに基づき,なぜイスラエル人が直接的な言い方を好み,「ポライトネス」と呼ばれるものを無視し,非イスラエル人が困惑するのかを,イスラエル人の会話の根底にある原則や原理を踏まえで考察する.本論は,1.素早く,手短に2.\u27賢く\u27あれ3.豊かな情報提供,の三つのマキシムを提案したい.そして,最後に,なぜこのような特徴が見られるのかを,シオニズムの歴史,脱欧という,文化的な背景から考える

Language Policy of Indonesia : Nationalism and Bahasa Indonesia

インドネシア共和国は,独立の際,本来は国民にとって外国語であったマレー語を国語として制定,インドネシア語と呼ぶことを決めた.本論は,なぜインドネシアが他の旧植民地国が独立と同時に採択した方法,(1)最大多数の民族の言語(2)旧宗主国の言語のいずれの方法もとらずに,マレー語を採択したのかを,オランダ植民地政策,マレー語の歴史,言語学的特徴,最大多数民族であるジャワ人のジャワ語の特徴,そして,インドネシア共和国の平和五原則などの,多岐に渡る視点で説明する.独立と同時にインドネシア語は,短期間のうちに,国語としての確固たる地位を確立した.一方で,東チムール独立委員会は独立の曉には国語としてポルトガル語とテトゥム語を採択することを決めた.この決定はインドネシア語が単純にインドネシア民族主義の成果ではないことを示唆している.インドネシア語の今後の問題はさらに多様化するだろう