Rapid preparation of mutated influenza hemagglutinins for influenza virus pandemic prevention

Influenza viruses have periodically caused pandemic due to frequent mutation of viral proteins. Influenza viruses have two major membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hemagglutinin plays a crucial role in viral entry, while NA is involved in the process of a viral escape. In terms of developing antiviral drugs, HA is a more important target than NA in the prevention of pandemic, since HA is likely to change the host specificity of a virus by acquiring mutations, thereby to increase the risk of pandemic. To characterize mutated HA functions, current approaches require immobilization of purified HA on plastic wells and carriers. These troublesome methods make it difficult to respond to emerging mutations. In order to address this problem, a yeast cell surface engineering approach was investigated. Using this technology, human HAs derived from various H1N1 subtypes were successfully and rapidly displayed on the yeast cell surface. The yeast-displayed HAs exhibited similar abilities to native influenza virus HAs. Using this system, human HAs with 190E and 225G mutations were shown to exhibit altered recognition specificities from human to avian erythrocytes. This system furthermore allowed direct measurement of HA binding abilities without protein purification and immobilization. Coupled with the ease of genetic manipulation, this system allows the simple and comprehensive construction of mutant protein libraries on yeast cell surface, thereby contributing to influenza virus pandemic prevention

Paraproteinemia in a Patient with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Derived from the Myelodysplastic Syndrome : A Case Report

Severe paraproteinemia was found in a 75-year-old female with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) derived from refractory anemia with an excess of blasts, a type of the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Immunoglobulin G-κ and G-λ paraproteins had increased in accordance with the proliferation of myeloblasts in her bone marrow. When the diagnosis of AML was made, a severe bleeding tendency and disturbance of consciousness due to the hyperviscosity syndrome were noted, although there was no significant increase in plasma cells in her bone marrow. An ultrasonogram disclosed multiple hyperechoic nodular lesions in the spleen. Cytoreductive therapy for AML was begun after plasma exchange, but she died of acute renal failure, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Autopsy findings revealed clusters of plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. The possibility that this coexistant paraproteinemia and AML were related to the evolution of a transformed clone in MDS is discussed

ターゲットエクソーム解析および染色体マイクロアレイ解析を用いた母斑性基底細胞癌症候群の遺伝子診断

Background: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder mainly caused by heterozygous mutations of PTCH1. In addition to characteristic clinical features, detection of a mutation in causative genes is reliable for the diagnosis of NBCCS; however, no mutations have been identified in some patients using conventional methods. Objective: To improve the method for the molecular diagnosis of NBCCS. Methods: We performed targeted exome sequencing (TES) analysis using a multi-gene panel, including PTCH1, PTCH2, SUFU, and other sonic hedgehog signaling pathway-related genes, based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in 8 cases in whom possible causative mutations were not detected by previously performed conventional analysis and 2 recent cases of NBCCS. Subsequent analysis of gross deletion within or around PTCH1 detected by TES was performed using chromosomal microarray (CMA). Results: Through TES analysis, specific single nucleotide variants or small indels of PTCH1 causing inferred amino acid changes were identified in 2 novel cases and 2 undiagnosed cases, whereas gross deletions within or around PTCH1, which are validated by CMA, were found in 3 undiagnosed cases. However, no mutations were detected even by TES in 3 cases. Among 3 cases with gross deletions of PTCH1, deletions containing the entire PTCH1 and additional neighboring genes were detected in 2 cases, one of which exhibited atypical clinical features, such as severe mental retardation, likely associated with genes located within the 4.3 Mb deleted region, especially. Conclusion: TES-based simultaneous evaluation of sequences and copy number status in all targeted coding exons by NGS is likely to be more useful for the molecular diagnosis of NBCCS than conventional methods. CMA is recommended as a subsequent analysis for validation and detailedmapping of deleted regions, which may explain the atypical clinical features of NBCCS cases

The FOXE1 and NKX2-1 loci are associated with susceptibility to papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Japanese population.

Background FOXE1 and NKX2-1 are two known genetic risk factors for the predisposition to sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in Europeans, but their association in other ethnicities is still unknown. Objective We aim to examine the association of the two genes with Japanese sporadic PTC, which exhibits high BRAF(V600E) mutation rate. Methods 507 Japanese sporadic PTC cases and 2766 controls were genotyped for rs965513 (FOXE1) and rs944289 (NKX2-1). PTC cases were also examined for their BRAF(V600E) mutational status. Results The association of both rs965513 (p=1.27×10(-4), OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.21) and rs944289 (p=0.0121, OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.39) with the risk of sporadic PTC was confirmed. Subgroup analysis based on the BRAF mutational status showed strong association of rs965513 with BRAF(V600E)-positive cases (p=2.26×10(-4), OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.29), but not with BRAF(V600E)-negative cases (p=0.143, OR=1.52, 95% CI 0.87 to 2.65). However, there was no difference in the observed effect size between both subgroups. For rs944289, both subgroups showed marginal association (p=0.0585, OR=1.17, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.37 for BRAF(V600E)-positive cases; p=0.0492, OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.81 for BRAF(V600E)-negative cases). Conclusions Both FOXE1 and NKX2-1 were associated with the increased risk of sporadic Japanese PTC. No clear associations were observed for either SNP with BRAF(V600E) status

Protocol for a multicentre, prospective observational study of elective neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (END-TC study)

Introduction: In early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), elective neck dissection (END) is recommended when occult lymph node metastasis is suspected; however, there is no unanimous consensus on the risks and benefits of END in such cases. The management of clinically node-negative (cN0) OTSCC remains controversial. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the efficacy of END and its impact on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with cN0 OTSCC. Methods and analysis: This is a prospective, multicentre, nonrandomised observational study. The choice of whether to perform END at the same time as resection of the primary tumour is based on institutional policy and patient preference. The primary endpoint of this study is 3-year overall survival. The secondary endpoint are 3-year disease-specific survival, 3-year relapse-free survival and the impact on patient QoL. Propensity score-matching analysis will be performed to reduce selection bias. Ethics and dissemination: This study was approved by the Clinical Research Review Board of the Nagasaki University. The protocol of this study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry. The datasets generated during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The results will be disseminated internationally, through scientific and professional conferences and in peer-reviewed medical journals

Gene Organization in Rice Revealed by Full-Length cDNA Mapping and Gene Expression Analysis through Microarray

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a model organism for the functional genomics of monocotyledonous plants since the genome size is considerably smaller than those of other monocotyledonous plants. Although highly accurate genome sequences of indica and japonica rice are available, additional resources such as full-length complementary DNA (FL-cDNA) sequences are also indispensable for comprehensive analyses of gene structure and function. We cross-referenced 28.5K individual loci in the rice genome defined by mapping of 578K FL-cDNA clones with the 56K loci predicted in the TIGR genome assembly. Based on the annotation status and the presence of corresponding cDNA clones, genes were classified into 23K annotated expressed (AE) genes, 33K annotated non-expressed (ANE) genes, and 5.5K non-annotated expressed (NAE) genes. We developed a 60mer oligo-array for analysis of gene expression from each locus. Analysis of gene structures and expression levels revealed that the general features of gene structure and expression of NAE and ANE genes were considerably different from those of AE genes. The results also suggested that the cloning efficiency of rice FL-cDNA is associated with the transcription activity of the corresponding genetic locus, although other factors may also have an effect. Comparison of the coverage of FL-cDNA among gene families suggested that FL-cDNA from genes encoding rice- or eukaryote-specific domains, and those involved in regulatory functions were difficult to produce in bacterial cells. Collectively, these results indicate that rice genes can be divided into distinct groups based on transcription activity and gene structure, and that the coverage bias of FL-cDNA clones exists due to the incompatibility of certain eukaryotic genes in bacteria

Protocol for a multicentre, prospective observational study of elective neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (END-TC study)

Introduction In early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), elective neck dissection (END) is recommended when occult lymph node metastasis issuspected; however, there is no unanimous consensus on the risks and benefits of END in such cases. The management of clinically node-negative (cN0) OTSCCremains controversial. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the efficacy of END and its impact on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with cN0 OTSCC.Methods and analysis This is a prospective, multicentre, nonrandomised observational study. The choice of whether to perform END at the same time as resection of the primary tumour is based on institutional policy and patient preference. The primary endpoint of this study is 3-year overall survival. The secondary endpoints are3-year disease-specific survival, 3-year relapse-free survival and the impact on patient QoL. Propensity score-matching analysis will be performed to reduce selection bias.Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Clinical Research Review Board of the Nagasaki University. The protocol of this study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry. The datasets generated during the current study will be available from the correspondingauthor on reasonable request. The results will be disseminated internationally, through scientific and professional conferences and in peer-reviewed medical journals