Effects of Long-term Physical Training in Women : Training Effects upon Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Body Composition, Physical Characteristics and Blood

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intensity upon the aerobic work capacity, body composition, physical characteristics, and boold of women through long-term physical training, when the total amount of work was kept\u27approximately constant for each subject. Seven sedentary adult females, aged 23 to 40 years, participated in a 44-week tarining experiment. They trained on a bicycle ergometer at 60-65% VO2max during the first 13 (15) weeks (T60), at 75-80% V^^・O_2max during the next 18 (16) weeks (T75) and at 90-95% V^^・O_2max during the final 13 weeks (T90). The total amount of work and frequency were 9000-12000kpm a day, and 2-4 days per week, kept approximately constant for each subject through training, respectively. Mean V^^・O_2 max, expressed in 1/min and per body weight, significantly increased by degrees with two levels up of training intensity, despite keeping constant the total amount of work through the 44-week training. Mean V^^・O_2max per LBM also significantly increased except during, T75. V^^・O_2 max, VE and O_2 pulse, expressed per LBM, showed a significant relationship (partial correlation coefficient keeping the effect of age constant) between their initial values and the total gain (%) after 44 weeks training. The final values of V^^・O_2 max, except an obese subject, after the entire training period attained over the level of +2SD of Japanese active females and were highly correlated with age (p<0.01). On the other hand, the interindividual differences were observed in the response to training intensity in V^^・O_2 max through the 44-week training. That is, two lean subjects improved most of the total gain during T60, another three did more than half of that during T90 and the other one increased by degrees in accordance with the levels up of intensity. Theextremely obese subject could not increase so much. Mean body weight, body fat, and lean body mass did not show any significant change. Mean data of circumferences showed no significant change, whereas some mean data of skin fold thickness (supra iliac, thigh and calf) showed significant decrease following the 44-week training. GOT and GPT of serum enzymes decreased significantly, whereas the other data of blood showed no significant change. Essencially no change occurred in all data for the control group. It was concluded that the increase of intensity without the increase of total amount of work was effective to the improvement of V^^・O_2max, and the susceptibility for intensity was different for each individual. Furthermore, the improvement of V^^・O_2 max with long-term and effective training was significantly related with the initial level based on lean body mass, and the attainable level was significantly limited by age

プールにおける時間遠泳の教育効果に関する検討1

原著Original Article大学生の水泳実習において、プールでは25m以上泳げるが、海では泳げなくなる事例が発生した。調査の結果、学校施設へのプール設置、スイミングクラブの増大により、1960年代以降から、水泳環境が、自然の水泳場からプールへと移行していることが示唆された。そこでプールの普及とスイミングクラブによる水泳効果について、競技記録を調査した結果、小学校での水泳授業、課外活動などでの水泳競技力への効果は、1980年頃までは顕著であったが、1980年以降は、スイミングクラブなど社会体育による、トップアスリート養成の時代であることが示唆された。プールが主体の近年の水泳、水遊び環境において、子供たちによる水泳は、泳法、タイム、スピードが中心と考えられるが、遠泳なども重要な水泳であると考える。そこで、プールによる遠泳、浜松市小学校30分間回泳に着目し、学校教育における集団・時間遠泳体験が、児童の成長、発達に及ぼす教育効果と生活習慣、運動意欲の変化を調査し、プールにおける遠泳の教育効果を検証することとした

A Study on the Measures for the Promotion of Sports : In the Case of a Rural Community in the Tohoku Provinces

The measures for the promotion of sports, recreation, and exercise activities are influenced by various factors, i.e. properties of community, the present organization and institution of physical recreation, and sport involvement of people. This study focuses on a new program of the measures for the promotion of sports by using the verification of the social background, sport involvement, and the needs for the measures. The community in this study is located in the Tohoku provinces and has rural characteristics. The population is about 32 thousands. The survey was conducted to 668 men and 681 women by using the questionnaire method concerning the social background, sport involvement, and the needs for the measures. In this community, people live in and work in the same area or near-by area. About 54 percent of men and about 65 percent of women are interested in sport participation but they complain the lack of oppotunities. When people try to participate in physical activities, there are some difficulties concerning leisure-time, near-by facilities, participants\u27 skill and instruction. The most appropriate and capable sports are jogging, hiking, swimming, and skiing for men, while Kenko-Taiso (light physical conditioning, stretching and aerobic dance), badominton, table tennis, and valleyball for women. For effective program of the measures for the promotion of sports, recreation, and exercise activities, the social situations and sport involvement of the community must be well considered

Aerobic and Anaerobic Work Capacity of Japanese Varsity Athletes and Students

Japanese male (n=227,20.4±1.1 years) and female (n=14,20.1±0.9yr.) varsity athletes and male (n=68,19.9±0.9yr.) and female (n=18,19.9±1.3yr.) varsity students (nonathletes) performed an aerobic and two anaerobic power tests; PWC_, maximal anaerobic power (MAnP), and leg extension power (LEP) test. The results showed that the athletes were superior to the students on all measurements (male : PWC_, 217.7±55.9vs. 171.8±43.0W, MAnP, 874.5±159.2vs. 754.4±119.6W, and LEP, 1107.9±231.4vs. 909.0±140.2W; female : MAnP, 632.6±76.4vs. 435.6±87.4W, and LEP, 689.4±159.2vs. 573.7±100.8W, p, 161.1±21.7vs. 136.5±30.8W, N. S.). These measurements were not affected by the duration for which the athletes had participated in their specific sport. This suggests that those who have greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities tend to participate in university sports. When comparing the PWC_ of the male varsity students after entrance examination preparation to that of 18yr old male high-school students (Miyashita et al., 1986), results show the varsity students to be slightly lower, although not significant (171.8±43.0vs. 188.7±48.6W) to the high school students. The PWC_ of female varsity students, taken after entrance examination preparation, was significantly greater than that of 18yr old high-school students (136.5±30.8vs. 110.2±18.4W, p<0.05). These results suggest that inactivity from entrance examination preparation does not seriously affect aerobic power of male or female varsity students. In respect of both work capacities when comparing these varsity athletes (Kuroda et al., 1985), they both result with similar characteristics in the same events. This suggests that varsity athletes tend to participate in events characteristic of their work capacities

Measurement of submaximal aerobic power in children

PWC150 in 935 school children whose ages were ranged from 6 to 17 yrs, was measured using a computarized bicycle ergometer. The absolute values of boys increased with age, while thase of girls increased in like mannar until 11 yrs, but maintained the almost same level over 11 yrs. Sex difference was observed in the relative value of PWC150 to body weight. It was concluded that PWC150 was available for easy assessment of submaximal aerobic power in children although further researches were required for obtaining the reliable norm

An Attempt at the Classification of Adolescents Into Sprint Endurance Types

The present study was designed to classify adolescents into sprint or endurance types according to physical performance tests. Five hundred sixty-nine normal Japanese boys and girls, ages 13 to 17 years, served as subjects. Performance tests consisted of 50-meter dash, 5-minute run, peak torque at 35 rpm of knee extensor muscles, and some children were tested for isometric endurance time at 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contration of knee extensor muscles. Based on the T-score of peak torque, 22-29% of the boys and girls were classified into fast or slow twitch types. But almost 30% of the classified subjects did not show the expected results. According to the T-scores of three performance tests, three sprint-type boys and seven endurance-type girls were detected. A significant negative correlation was found between peak torque and endurance time among the ten classified subjects

Correlation between Efficiency in Cycling and Maximal Power of Human Extensor Muscles

The maximal power of knee extensor muscles was measured by fly-wheels of various equivalent masses, and the work efficiency in cycling at submaximal work rates was determined on nine healthy adult men. Among the various combinations of power and efficiency, only one significant correlation (r=0.853, p<0.01) was found between power at the lightest equivalent mass of 18.3 kg and efficiency in cycling at the highest pedal frequency, 100 rpm

Body burdens of cesium-137 and potassium-40 in twenty-one members of the wintering party of the 16th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition 1975

In this study, body burdens of cesium-137 and potassium-40 were measured using a human counter with 21 members of the 16th wintering party. The purposes of these measurements were (1) to observe the radioactive pollution in Japan and Antarctica through the human body, and (2) to estimate the effect of the Antarctic living on the body composition. The results obtained in the present study were as follows; 1) The mean value of body burdens of ^Cs increased from 1.20 to 1.69 nCi (p<0.05) in the case of six traverse members of the Yamato Mountains, while there was no significant difference in the case of fifteen base members. 2) The mean value of body weights increased significantly (p<0.01) after the Antarctic living and accordingly the total body potassium increased significantly (p<0.05), while the body fat remained unchanged