Spatial extent of molecular gas, dust, and stars in massive galaxies at z=2 determined with ALMA and JWST

We present the results of 0.6"-resolution observations of CO J=3-2 line emission in 10 massive star-forming galaxies at z=2 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We compare the spatial extent of molecular gas with those of dust and stars, traced by the 870 $\mu$m and 4.4 $\mu$m continuum emissions, respectively. The average effective radius of the CO emission is 1.7 kpc, which is about 50 percent larger than that of the 870 $\mu$m emission and is comparable with that of the 4.4 $\mu$m emission. Utilizing the best-fit parametric models, we derive the radial gradients of the specific star-formation rate (sSFR), gas depletion timescale, and gas-mass fraction within the observed galaxies. We find a more intense star-formation activity with a higher sSFR and a shorter depletion timescale in the inner region than in the outer region. The central starburst may be the primary process for massive galaxies to build up a core. Furthermore, the gas-mass fraction is high, independent of the galactocentric radius in the observed galaxies, suggesting that the galaxies have not begun to quench star formation. Given the shorter gas depletion timescale in the center compared to the outer region, quenching is expected to occur in the center first and then propagate outward. We may be witnessing the observed galaxies in the formation phase of a core prior to the forthcoming phase of star formation propagating outward.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, submitted to ApJ

A reduced brain and liver FDG uptake

Purpose : To investigate whether or not the physiological brain and liver FDG uptake are decreased in patients with highly accelerated glycolysis lesions. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients with malignant lymphoma. We compared the FDG uptake in the brain and liver of the patients with that in a control group. In 24 patients with a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) to treatment, we compared the brain and liver uptake before and after treatment. Results : The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and total glycolytic volume (TGV) of the brain as well as the SUVmax and mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) of the liver in malignant lymphoma patients were 13.1 ± 2.3, 7386.3 ± 1918.4, 3.2 ± 0.5, and 2.3 ± 0.4, respectively ; in the control group, these values were 14.9 ± 2.4, 8566.2 ± 1659.5, 3.4 ± 0.4, and 2.5 ± 0.3, respectively. The SUVmax and TGV of the brain and the SUVmean of the liver in malignant lymphoma patients were significantly lower than the control group. The SUVmax and TGV of the brain after treatment were significantly higher than before treatment. Both the SUVmax and SUVmean of liver after treatment were higher than before treatment, but not significant. Conclusion : A decreased physiological brain and liver FDG uptake is caused by highly accelerated lesion glycolysis

The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Widespread dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6

We present the morphological parameters and global properties of dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6. Among 26 galaxies composed of 20 galaxies observed by the Cycle-8 ALMA Large Program, CRISTAL, and six galaxies from archival data, we have individually detected rest-frame 158$\mu$m dust continuum emission from 19 galaxies, nine of which are reported for the first time. The derived far-infrared luminosities are in the range $\log_{10} L_{\rm IR}\,[L_{\odot}]=$10.9-12.4, an order of magnitude lower than previously detected massive dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). The average relationship between the fraction of dust-obscured star formation ($f_{\rm obs}$) and the stellar mass is consistent with previous results at z=4-6 in a mass range of $\log_{10} M_{\ast}\,[M_{\odot}]\sim$9.5-11.0 and show potential evolution from z=6-9. The individual $f_{\rm obs}$ exhibits a significant diversity, and it shows a correlation with the spatial offset between the dust and the UV continuum, suggesting the inhomogeneous dust reddening may cause the source-to-source scatter in $f_{\rm obs}$. The effective radii of the dust emission are on average $\sim$1.5 kpc and are $\sim2$ times more extended than the rest-frame UV. The infrared surface densities of these galaxies ($\Sigma_{\rm IR}\sim2.0\times10^{10}\,L_{\odot}\,{\rm kpc}^{-2}$) are one order of magnitude lower than those of DSFGs that host compact central starbursts. On the basis of the comparable contribution of dust-obscured and dust-unobscured star formation along with their similar spatial extent, we suggest that typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6 form stars throughout the entirety of their disks

Female-biased sex allocation in wild populations of the eriosomatine aphid Prociphilus oriens: local mate competition or transgenerational effects of maternal investment?

Several aphid species exhibit female-biased sex allocation. Local mate competition (LMC) has been postulated to be the evolutionary factor of the female-biased sex allocation. We estimated individual sex allocation in the eriosomatine aphid Prociphilus oriens and explained the observed pattern of sex allocation based on a hypothesis other than LMC. On the basis of the relationship between maternal body size and brood size, we estimated the cost of producing a female to be 1.85 times the cost of producing a male. The population-wide allocation to males was 22%-24 %. Winged mothers exhibited a large variation in the number of male and female embryos they had, including 23%-30 % of winged mothers producing only female embryos. There was polymorphism in the sex-ratio expression. Thus, the constant male hypothesis assuming LMC was not supported. Winged mothers that produced an all-female brood contained larger female embryos than did mothers that produced a bisexual brood. Previous studies have indicated that a large sexual female produces a single large egg, which hatches into a first-instar larva containing a larger amount of gonads. Thus, in eriosomatine aphids, maternal investment in daughters directly affects the potential fecundity of granddaughters, whereas investment in sons does not. We propose a hypothesis that higher fitness returns from maternal investment in daughters than in sons may have primarily led to the evolution of highly female-biased sex allocation in P. oriens

Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations for Shape Change of Growing Lipid Bilayer Vesicles

The characteristic shape changes observed in the growth and division of L-form cells have been explained by several theoretical studies and simulations using a vesicle model in which the membrane area increases with time. In those theoretical studies, characteristic shapes such as tubulation and budding were reproduced in a non-equilibrium state, but it was not possible to incorporate deformations that would change the topology of the membrane. We constructed a vesicle model in which the area of the membrane increases using coarse-grained particles and analyzed the changes in the shape of growing membrane by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. In the simulation, lipid molecules were added to the lipid membrane at regular time intervals to increase the surface area of the lipid membrane. As a result, it was found that the vesicle deformed into a tubular shape or a budding shape depending on the conditions for adding lipid molecules. This suggests that the difference in the place where new lipid molecules are incorporated into the cell membrane during the growth of L-form cells causes the difference in the transformation pathway of L-form cells

Copper(II) Carboxylates with 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzoate and 2,4,6-Trimethoxybenzoate: Dinuclear Cu(II) Cluster and µ-Aqua-Bridged Cu(II) Chain Molecule

Copper(II) complexes with 2,3,4-trimethoxybenzoic acid (H234-tmbz) and 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoic acid (H246-tmbz), [Cu2(234-tmbz)4(H2O)2] (6) and [Cu(246-tmbz)2(µ-H2O)2(H2O)2]n (7), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and UV-vis spectra and temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities (1.9–300 K). The X-ray crystal structures revealed that the former 6 is a dinuclear cluster having syn-syn-bridged Cu2(µ-234-tmbz)4 core with Cu···Cu separation of 2.6009(7) Å, while the latter 7 is a µ-aqua-bridged chain molecule consisting of Cu(246-tmb)2(µ-H2O)2(H2O)2 units with Cu···Cu separation of 4.1420(5) Å. Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities showed that an antiferromagnetic interaction with 2J = −272 cm−1 for 6 and a weak antiferromagnetic interaction with J = −0.21 cm−1 for 7, between the two copper(II) ions. The adsorption isotherm of 6 showed Types I behavior having a 125.4 m2g−1 of specific surface area