Altitude distribution, origin and flux of sodium in the atmosphere

Sodium equilibrium altitude distribution, origin, and flux calculated for earth atmospher

Effect of electron corelation on superconducting pairing symmetry

The role of electron correlation on different pairing symmetries are discussed in details where the electron correlation has been treated within the slave boson formalism. It is shown that for a pure $s$ or pure $d$ wave pairing symmetry, the electronic correlation suppresses the $s$ wave gap magnitude (as well as the $T_c$) at a faster rate than that for the $d$ wave gap. On the otherhand, a complex order parameter of the form ($s+id$) shows anomalous temperature dependence. For example, if the temperature ($T_{c}^d$) at which the $d$ wave component of the complex order parameter vanishes happens to be larger than that for the $s$ wave component ($T_{c}^s$) then the growth of the $d$ wave component is arrested with the onset of the $s$ wave component of the order parameter. In this mixed phase however, we find that the suppression in different components of the gap as well as the corresponding $T_c$ due to coulomb correlation are very sensitive to the relative pairing strengths of $s$ and $d$ channels as well as the underlying lattice. Interestingly enough, in such a scenario (for a case of $T_{c}^s > T_{c}^d$) the gap magnitude of the $d$ wave component increases with electron correlation but not $T_{c}^d$ for certain values of electron correlation. However, this never happens in case of the $s$ wave component. We also calculate the temperature dependence of the superconducting gap along both the high symmetry directions ($\Gamma$ - M and $\Gamma$ - X) in a mixed $s+id$ symmetry pairing state and the thermal variation of the gap anisotropy ($\frac{\Delta_{\Gamma - M}}{\Delta_{\Gamma - X}}$) with electron correlation. The results are discussed with reference to experimental observations.Comment: 22 pages, latex, 12 figures (attached in ps /eps) Journal : Accepted for publication in Euro. J. Phys

Baryon Self-Energy With QQQ Bethe-Salpeter Dynamics In The Non-Perturbative QCD Regime: n-p Mass Difference

A qqq BSE formalism based on DB{\chi}S of an input 4-fermion Lagrangian of `current' u,d quarks interacting pairwise via gluon-exchange-propagator in its {\it non-perturbative} regime, is employed for the calculation of baryon self-energy via quark-loop integrals. To that end the baryon-qqq vertex function is derived under Covariant Instantaneity Ansatz (CIA), using Green's function techniques. This is a 3-body extension of an earlier q{\bar q} (2-body) result on the exact 3D-4D interconnection for the respective BS wave functions under 3D kernel support, precalibrated to both q{\bar q} and qqq spectra plus other observables. The quark loop integrals for the neutron (n) - proton (p) mass difference receive contributions from : i) the strong SU(2) effect arising from the d-u mass difference (4 MeV); ii) the e.m. effect of the respective quark charges. The resultant n-p difference comes dominantly from d-u effect (+1.71 Mev), which is mildly offset by e.m.effect (-0.44), subject to gauge corrections. To that end, a general method for QED gauge corrections to an arbitrary momentum dependent vertex function is outlined, and on on a proportionate basis from the (two-body) kaon case, the net n-p difference works out at just above 1 MeV. A critical comparison is given with QCD sum rules results.Comment: be 27 pages, Latex file, and to be published in IJMPA, Vol 1

Lepton Masses in a Minimal Model with Triplet Higgs Bosons and S3S_3 Flavor Symmetry

Viable neutrino and charged lepton masses and mixings are obtained by imposing a $S_3 \times Z_4 \times Z_3$ flavor symmetry in a model with a few additional Higgs. We use two $SU(2)_L$ triplet Higgs which are arranged as a doublet of $S_3$, and standard model singlet Higgs which are also put as doublets of $S_3$. We break the $S_3$ symmetry in this minimal model by giving vacuum expectation values (VEV) to the additional Higgs fields. Dictated by the minimum condition for the scalar potential, we obtain certain VEV alignments which allow us to maintain $\mu-\tau$ symmetry in the neutrino sector, while breaking it maximally for the charged leptons. This helps us to simultaneously explain the hierarchical charged lepton masses, and the neutrino masses and mixings. In particular, we obtain maximal $\theta_{23}$ and zero $\theta_{13}$. We allow for a mild breaking of the $\mu-\tau$ symmetry for the neutrinos and study the phenomenology. We give predictions for $\theta_{13}$ and the CP violating Jarlskog invariant $J_{CP}$, as a function of the $\mu-\tau$ symmetry breaking parameter. We also discuss possible collider signatures and phenomenology associated with lepton flavor violating processes.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures. Version to be appeared in PRD. Phenomenology of Lepton flavor violation and possible collider signatures of this model have been include

Origin of Sodium in Atmosphere

Equilibrium concentration of free Na atoms in the atmosphere has been calculated from photo-chemical reactions, diffusion and assuming that. there is a constant influx of Na atoms from either the top or bottom side of the atmosphere. The analysis reveals the direction and magnitude of the flux of Na atoms in the atmosphere and hence settles the question whether these atoms have terrestrial or extraterrestrial origin

Residual Stress & its Effect on Service

Presence of residual stresses in a component either improves or impairs its service life, depending on the type and distribution of stresses in relation to service sstresses. This paper reviews the origin of different types of residual stresses, thermal, transformational and mechanically induced.Nature of thermal and trans-formational stresses involved in quenching tempering, in spot and butt welding induction and flame hardening, nitr-iding, case carburising, stresses of mechanical origin as in strip rolling, wire drawing, surface rolling and shot peening have been discussed with their respective stress distribution patterns. The effect of different types of residual stresses originating in these process-ings is discussed