Re-entry survival analysis and ground risk assessment of space debris considering by-products generation

[EN] Space debris that re-enter the Earth's atmosphere can be partially or fully ablated along the trajectory path after hitting the atmosphere layers, once these become denser (approximately below 82 km). This paper combines reentry survival analysis to by-product generation analyses according to specific trajectory analysis and different levels of modelling within the re-entry simulation tool. Particular attention is made on metallic alloy decomposition and metallic oxides formation from the debris' materials ablation. Generic alloys present within satellite constructions are considered. The flow field in the induced shock layer is considered to be in non-equilibrium and the trajectory tool is based on a 3DOF object-oriented approach. The by-product analyses give important information on emitted species in the atmosphere at different altitudes, and the risk of substances reaching the ground is evaluated as a function of the initial break-up altitude. The non-equilibrium atmospheric chemistry within the shock layer has a significant impact for the re-entry analysis.This work was supported by the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship (ESKAS No. 2019.0535) awarded by Federal Commission for Scholarships (FCS). The collaboration with UPV was partially financed as part of an activity performed with TAS-I in the context of an ESA subcontract ARA, under ITT-A0/1-8558/16/NL/KML.Park, S.; Navarro-Laboulais, J.; Leyland, P.; Mischler, S. (2021). Re-entry survival analysis and ground risk assessment of space debris considering by-products generation. Acta Astronautica. 179:604-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.09.03460461817

Passivation of a CoCrMo PVD Alloy with Biomedical Composition under Simulated Physiological Conditions Studied by EQCM and XPS

Kinetics of passive film growth on a CoCrMo biomedical alloy have been studied using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance technique (EQCM) in phosphate buffer solution at room temperature and 37◦C. CoCrMo layers were deposited on the quartz crystals by physical vapor deposition (PVD) reaching a dense and compact deposition film with fine-grain structure. EQCM measurements were performed under potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions (at applied passive and transpassive potentials). Furthermore, ex-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the each tested sample was performed at the end of the electrochemical test. The use ofEQCMallows distinguishing between electrochemical oxidation, passive and transpassive dissolution and passive film growth. In the passive domain the passive film thickness stabilizes within 200 to 400 s after an initial fast growth. The increase in current at the onset of the transpassive domain does not affect the passive dissolution rate. Only at higher potential dissolution rate increases due to the dissolution of Cr(VI), Co(III) and Mo(VI) species. The observed constant mass loss rate at transpassive potentials indicates that the passive film at these potentials is cracked or porous. Increasing temperature accelerates themass loss through the oxide/electrolyte interface enhancing the passive and transpassive dissolution and increasing the thickness of the oxide filmWe wish to express our gratitude to the Spanish Government, "Ministerio de Educacion" for the economic support and the post-graduate grant (Ref.AP2007-01243) and "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion" for the financial support (Ref.MAT2011-22481), the assistance of N. Xanthopoulos with the XPS measurements and P. Mettraux with the PVD deposits and assistance with the scanning electron micrographs.Valero Vidal, C.; Igual Muñoz, AN.; Olsson, C.; Mischler, S. (2012). Passivation of a CoCrMo PVD Alloy with Biomedical Composition under Simulated Physiological Conditions Studied by EQCM and XPS. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 159(5):233-243. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.090205jesS2332431595Katti, K. S. (2004). Biomaterials in total joint replacement. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 39(3), 133-142. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.12.002Okazaki, Y. (2002). Effect of friction on anodic polarization properties of metallic biomaterials. Biomaterials, 23(9), 2071-2077. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00337-4Virtanen, S., Milošev, I., Gomez-Barrena, E., Trebše, R., Salo, J., & Konttinen, Y. T. (2008). Special modes of corrosion under physiological and simulated physiological conditions. Acta Biomaterialia, 4(3), 468-476. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.003Milošev, I., & Strehblow, H.-H. (2003). 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Future Needs for Tribo-Corrosion Research and Testing

Tribo-corrosion is an emerging interdisciplinary subject that spans from basic research on the behavior of surfaces in mechanical contact in chemically active surroundings to the test methods needed to quantify its effects, and from the selection of materials for bio-implants to the minimization of surface degradation and wastage in advanced energy conversion systems. Such a diverse field brings with it many challenges in understanding, testing, standardization, and application to engineering practice. This paper summarizes a panel discussion and participant survey held at the Third International Symposium on Tribo-Corrosion in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, in April 2012. It reflects a sense of agreement on many of the key scientific challenges in the field and the fact that tribo-corrosion is still in its infancy in terms of broad industry recognition, education, and the ability of those who conduct tribo-corrosion research to connect their laboratory results and theories to applications. Some sub-fields, notably the bio-tribo-corrosion of medical implants, have witnessed active international research efforts, but the engineering community in many other important areas of technology may not yet be aware of the field despite numerous tribo-corrosion problems that may exist within their purview

Third body effects on friction and wear during the fretting of steel contacts

Frettingwear proceeds through particle detachment from the contacting surfaces which, while trapped in the contact zone, can affect the frictional and wear response. Ball-on-flat fretting experiments were carried out between steel specimens under gross slip regime. A transition in the coefficient of friction was linked to a critical contact pressure. The microstructure and chemical composition of the thirdbody evolve with the applied pressure. The evolution of the friction coefficient is strongly dependent on the thirdbody properties. The wear is controlled by the applied load and thus the real contact area within the wear track

A lubricated tribocorrosion model incorporating surface roughness

This study presents an improvement of an existing tribocorrosion model developed for passive CoCrMo alloys. This model is based on an empirical formalism established by Duncan Dowson in his pioneering works on the relation between wear and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication. The improvement consists in introducing surface topography features allowing for a mechanistic relation between lubrication and wear. The effective normal force accounting for the plastic deformation of passive metals during lubricated tribocorrosion was described through the real contact area, which in turn was related to the worn surface topography (roughness) and the elasto-hydrodynamic film thickness. The modified model was applied to results from dedicated tribocorrosion experiments obtained by varying the lubricant viscosity and the contacting surface roughness. Good correlations were found between the mechanical and chemical wear rates and corresponding variables, which validated the model. Further development of the model should include boundary film effects, third bodies build-up and time dependent evolution of the worn surface

Tribological response of multilayered gold nickel coating deposited on fine turned surfaces

Gold coating are widely used in industry due to their corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and low contact resistance. However, friction and wear can limit their functionality and lifetime. This study addresses the degradation of a commercial finely turned brass surface coated with an adhesion chromium layer, a NiP hard coating and finally at the surface by a self-lubricating gold layer.The degradation mechanisms and the consequences on friction were investigated using a laboratory tribometer combined with surface analysis by confocal microscopy, AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and FIB (Focussed Ion Beam).During rubbing the gold was extruded away from asperities and this resulted in an increase in friction. Moreover, gold wear by ratcheting was also observed. The progressive replacement of gold by the underlying NiP coating resulted in higher friction and wear of the latter. Possible improvement measures for this kind of surfaces could be formulated

Tribocorrosion of a CoCrMo alloy in sulfuric acid - Glycerol mixtures

This work reports on the tribocorrosion properties of a CoCrMo alloy sliding under imposed passive potential against alumina in sulfuric acid-glycerol mixtures exhibiting different viscosities and thus, in principle, lubrication properties. As expected, wear accelerated corrosion and friction decreased with increasing glycerol content of the mixture. These results could be successfully rationalized using a recently published tribocorrosion model which considers the interplay of hydrodynamic lubrication with mechanical and chemical deterioration phenomena. The comparison of results with a theoretical model showed that the mixing of glycerol into sulfuric acid aqueous solution promoted lubrication but also that glycerol mechanically weakens the CoCrMo alloy

Assessment of a recent tribocorrosion model for wear of metal-on-metal hip joints: Comparison between model predictions and simulator results

A composite running-in wear model for metal-on-metal artificial hip joints, which combines tribo-corrosion and lubrication aspects, was published recently. In order to check the quality of the model prediction, wear rates from nineteen well-controlled simulator wear studies were summarized and compared to the model predicted values. The results showed that the simulator wear results correlate well with the model predicted values. By estimating the maximum wear rate, the model can be used clinically to mitigate the failure risk of metal-on-metal hip joints. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the roles of the involved crucial parameters, giving tutorial suggestions of the input parameters and output values for the wear prediction of metal-on-metal artificial hip joints. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Modeling tribocorrosion of passive metals - A review

Tribocorrosion is a material degradation phenomenon resulting from interactive effects between wear and corrosion. It is commonly found in engineering applications (e.g. biomedical implants and marine equipment) which involve relative motion of contacting metals in a corrosive environment. In this study, models describing tribocorrosion of passive metals in sliding contacts were reviewed. Different categories of models (two-body or three-body contact models, lubricated tribocorrosion model, empirical models, multi-degradation models) were found in the literature. Through the identification of relevant chemo-mechanical degradation mechanisms, robust analytical expressions accurately predicting the overall material loss in tribocorrosion have been developed. Numerical methods have been used to describe time dependent transitions in tribocorrosion. Possibilities and limits of the proposed models in the literature as well as future trends are discussed in this review