Cleaning Methods for Ultrasound Probes

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of three different methods of ultrasound probe cleaning for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Department, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi and Microbiology Department, JPMC, Karachi, from December 2006 to April 2007. Patients and Methods: A total of 75 culture swabs from ultrasound probes used for sonographic examinations of different body parts of patients were included in the study. Probes were prospectively randomized into three equal groups with 25 probes in each group. Culture was sent before and after using three different techniques of cleaning ultrasound probe, which included sterilized paper towel, 0.9% saline and swipe over with standard bath soap applied on group A (n=25), group B (n=25) and group C (n=25) respectively. Number of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) of bacteria were calculated on standard agar plate to find out the effectiveness of cleaning methods in reducing bacterial count from the ultrasound probe after the procedures. All samples were tested in single microbiology lab by using same bacterial growth media provided by same manufacturer. Kruskall Wallis, Jonchkheere-Terpstra and Wilcoxon sign rank tests were applied to find out statistical significance. Results: There was a significant reduction in bacterial count after applying either of all three cleaning methods for ultrasound probe compared to count on the probes before cleaning (p Conclusion: Cleaning ultrasound probe after performing each procedure is a cost-effective practice with potential of reducing nosocomial infections. Soap cleaning technique is the most effective method for reducing bacterial count acquired due to patients’ body contact with the ultrasound probes

CRP Gene Polymorphism and Their Risk Association With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker associated with T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. AIM: The present study evaluates the association of CRP +1059 G/C polymorphism of the CRP gene in 100 T2D cases and 100 healthy controls. METHODS: Present study was done by allele specific PCR method to study the CRP gene polymorphism in study subjects. RESULTS: Study found that CRP (+1059 G/C) genotype distribution among case and controls was found to be significant (p=0.001), Higher CRP C allele frequency (0.16) was observed compared to controls (0.04). CRP +1059 GC and CC had 2.72 (1.12-6.61), 20.56 (1.16-362.1) risk for T2D. It has been observed, HTN, Obesity, Smoking and alcoholism was found to be associated with increased risk of T2D, and a significant difference was observed in biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: Study concluded that CRP gene polymorphism was found to be associated with risk of Type 2 Diabetes and risk was linked with heterozygosity and mutant homozygosity. Hypertension, Obesity, Smoking and alcoholism increases the risk of occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes

Krisis dunia dan jalan menuju perdamaian: kompilasi pidato dan surat-surat

xx, 264 hlm.; 14,8x21 c

Krisis dunia dan jalan menuju perdamaian: Kumpulan pidato dan surat-surat

s.l.xviii, 264 hlm.; 21 c

Krisis dunia dan jalan menuju perdamaian

Dalam buku ini Yang Mulia Mirza Masroor Ahmad Pemimpin komunitas Muslim Ahmadiyah Internasional memperingatkan dunia tentang bahaya yang sedang mendekat dengan cepat dan memberi solusi bagaimana agar bencana tersebut dapat ditangani dengan baik.xviii, 264 hlm.: ilus.; 21 c

Krisis dunia dan jalan menuju perdamaian

Dalam buku ini Yang Mulia Mirza Masroor Ahmad Pemimpin komunitas Muslim Ahmadiyah Internasional memperingatkan dunia tentang bahaya yang sedang mendekat dengan cepat dan memberi solusi bagaimana agar bencana tersebut dapat ditangani dengan baik.xviii, 264 hlm.: ilus.; 21 c

Krisis dunia dan jalan menuju perdamaian

Dalam buku ini Yang Mulia Mirza Masroor Ahmad Pemimpin komunitas Muslim Ahmadiyah Internasional memperingatkan dunia tentang bahaya yang sedang mendekat dengan cepat dan memberi solusi bagaimana agar bencana tersebut dapat ditangani dengan baik.xviii, 264 hlm.: ilus.; 21 c